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Western Dam Engineering Technical Note May 2016 5 measuring relative angles between two different objects. There are detailed instructions for two-way calibration for each side of the device, which results in the most precision possible outside of traditional survey and measurement tools. The developer reports a typical accuracy of about ±0.1 degrees, which is well within the deviation of a constructed slope. Given the typical localized variation in a constructed dam slope compared to the size of the device, it is recommended to carefully select a portion of the slope that best represents the average condition (i.e. not in a localized depression). Figure 4 – Clinometer Drawing Reference AutoCAD 360 (Autodesk Inc., Android/iOS, Basic is Free, Subscription Plan Required for Extended Features): No longer is it necessary to lug paper drawings around the job site. . The main benefits of this app are the abilities to “carry” a digital set of drawings, overlay aerial photos for ground references, and annotate notes and comments right in the drawing using a finger or stylus. The drawing files uploaded to the device can be used to measure any designed dimension and then compare it to field measurements. Any edits or notes made offline while in the field can be synced or shared once online. Although the app has drawing tools, making anything other than “redline” clouds, notes, or simple line-work is a bit cumbersome on a small device. There is a GPS function within the app that is intended to identify the device’s location within the drawing’s coordinate space. However, the accuracy and ease-of-use of this feature is dependent on the original coordinate space of the drawing and the device’s GPS capabilities. Engineering Calculators handyCalc (mmin, Android, Free): Most people use the calculator app that comes standard on most mobile devices, but there are many more powerful options available. The handyCalc app provides standard calculator options with additional tools such as unit conversions, graphing options, and the ability to solve a system of equations. DROID48 (Arnaud Brochard, Android, Free); m48 (Markus Gonser, iOS, Free): Many engineers developed a reliance on the Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) calculators, which were the powerful handheld devices of the late 20th century. There are now several mobile apps that emulate the functionality of probably the most popular RPN calculator, the Hewlett-Packard (HP) 48 model. The most popular are the DROID48, available on the Android OS, and the m48 available on the iOS. Both have skins that duplicate the various screens of the hp48. These apps operate almost identically to the hp48 calculator and, therefore, are easy to use for those proficient in RPN. Wolfram Alpha (Wolfram Group LLC, Android/iOS, $2.99, Data required): It is a bit of a disservice to include Wolfram Alpha as a calculator; this app can do it all. It is a knowledge engine that can instantly generate facts and equations on a vast range of topics. Solutions to complex math, physics, and engineering problems are found in Wolfram Alpha’s large database. However, it does rely on internet connectivity to retrieve the requested information, and therefore may not work on all devices. The app plugs directly into the Wolfram|Alpha computing cloud, computing answers to questions quickly and efficiently, using specialized math keyboards, displays, charts and graphics. Capabilities include unit conversions, fluid flow calculations, material properties, and section properties, to name a few.