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Overtopping <br />Accounts for roughly ~1/2 of all dam failures <br />Definition <br />•Uncontrolled flow of water over <br />crest causes backward head cutting. <br />Common Causes <br />•Obstructed or inadequately <br />designed emergency spillway <br />•Inoperable or inadequate outlet <br />•Settlement of crest causing loss of <br />freeboard.