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Western Dam Engineering <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />23 <br />installing a liner is outside the scope of this article, but <br />the March 2013 issue of the Western Dam Engineering <br />Technical Note can be referenced for information on <br />slip lining existing conduits. <br /> <br /> <br />Conclusion <br />For a variety of reasons, joint offsets, cracks, liner <br />deterioration, and voids are common issues that must <br />be addressed during the service life of a conduit. With <br />careful planning, design, and construction quality <br />control, existing outlet pipe repairs can be successfully <br />implemented and the service life of an outlet structure <br />extended. As an alternative to conduit abandonment <br />or rehabilitation, this article presents some repair <br />methods that can be considered for typical localized <br />defects of various types of conduits commonly <br />associated with small dams. The repairs discussed in <br />this article should be carefully considered for each <br />specific project before implementation, and final <br />design should be prepared by an experienced dam <br />engineer. <br />Useful References <br />The following is a list of design references that should be used during <br />design: <br />[1] FEMA (2005), Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment <br />Dams, FEMA 484, Federal Emergency Management Agency, <br />September 2005. <br />[2] NRCS (2005), Structural Design of Flexible Conduits, NRCS, 2005. <br />[3] FEMA (2007), Plastic Pipe Used in Embankment Dams, FEMA, 2007. <br />[4] AWWA (2004), Steel Water Pipe: A Guide for Design and Installation, <br />AWWA, M11, 2004. <br />[5] Amstutz (1970), Buckling of Pressure Shafts and Tunnel Linings, <br />Amstutz, Ing. Ernst, 1970. <br /> <br />FEMA’s technical manuals provide detailed discussion <br />of parameters that should be considered during the <br />slip lining design process. <br />FEMA - Conduits through Embankment Dams <br />FEMA - Plastic Pipe Used in Embankment Dams