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<br />consider both the design parameters and also the
<br />construction considerations during the design process.
<br />Common Pitfalls in Filter
<br />Design/Construction:
<br />• Check filter compatibility!
<br />• Avoid geotextiles
<br />• Provide sufficient width for constructability
<br />• Extend to a suitable height in the embankment
<br />• Filter all penetrations through the
<br />embankment
<br />References
<br />To aid the designer through the process, the following
<br />is a list of design references that can be used during
<br />design:
<br />• URS (2010), “Technical Note 4: Chimney Filter/Drain Design and
<br />Construction Considerations,” Montana Department of Natural
<br />Resources, Dam Safety Program, December.
<br />• NRCS (1994), "Gradation Design of Sand and Gravel Filters," U.S.
<br />Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
<br />National Engineering Handbook, Part 633, Chapter 26, Washington,
<br />DC, October.
<br />• NRCS (2007), "Filter Diaphragms," U.S. Department of Agriculture,
<br />Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Engineering
<br />Handbook, Part 628, Chapter 45, Washington, DC, January.
<br />• Reclamation (2007), “Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams,”
<br />Chapter 5 – Protective Filters, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of
<br />Reclamation, Technical Service Center, Denver, CO.
<br />• FEMA (2005), Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment
<br />Dams, FEMA 484, Federal Emergency Management Agency,
<br />September.
<br />• FEMA (2007), Plastic Pipe Used in Embankment Dams, FEMA P-675,
<br />Federal Emergency Management Agency, November.
<br />• FEMA (2011), Filters for Embankment Dams, Federal Emergency
<br />Management Agency, October.
<br />• France, John W. (2004), “Seepage Collection and Control Systems: The
<br />Devil is in the Details,” ASDSO Annual Conference.
<br />• Hammer, David P. (2003), “Construction of Vertical and Inclined Sand
<br />Drains in Embankment Dams, ASDSO Annual Conference,
<br />Minneapolis, MN.
<br />• McCook, Danny K. (1997), “Chimney Filters – Design and Construction
<br />Considerations.” ASDSO Annual Conference, Pittsburgh, PA.
<br />• McCook, Danny K. (2003), “The Filter Design Tightrope,” ASDSO
<br />Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN.
<br />• McCook, Danny K. and Mark Pabst (2006), “Pipes in Drain Systems –
<br />Are They a Necessary Evil?,” ASDSO Annual Conference, Boston, MA.
<br />• McCook, Danny K. and J. Talbot (1995), “NRCS Filter Design Criteria –
<br />A Step by Step Approach.” ASDSO Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA.
<br />• Sherard, James L., et al. (1963), “Earth and Earth – Rock Dams”, John
<br />Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY.
<br />• Sherard, James L., et al. (1983), “Discussion of Design of Filters for Clay
<br />Cores of Dams,” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 109 (9),
<br />pp. 1195-1197.
<br />• Sherard, J.L., L.P. Dunnigan, and J.R. Talbot (1984a), “Basic Properties
<br />of Sand and Gravel Filters.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,
<br />Vol. 110, No. 6, pp. 684-700, June.
<br />• Sherard, J.L., L.P. Dunnigan, and J.R. Talbot (1984b), “Filters for Silts
<br />and Clays.” ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering., ASCE, No. 110
<br />(6). pp. 701-718, June.
<br />• Sherard, J.L., L.P. Dunnigan, and J.R. Talbot (1989), “Critical Filters for
<br />Impervious Soils,” ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division,
<br />No. 115(7), pp. 927-947, July.
<br />• Talbot, James and Mark Pabst (2006), “Filters for Earth Dams,
<br />Gradation Design and Construction Guidance Used by Federal
<br />Agencies,” ASDSO Journal of Dam Safety, pp. 13-24, Winter 2006.
<br />• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1993), Manual EM 1110-2-1901,
<br />Seepage Control, Appendix D, Filter Design, U.S. Army Corps of
<br />Engineers, September 30, 1986, revised April.
<br />• USACE (2004), EM 1110-2-2300, General Design and Construction
<br />Considerations for Earth and Rock-Fill Dams, Appendix B, Filter Design,
<br />U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, July.
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<br />Links to Key Reference Documents
<br />NRCS - Chapter 26: Gradation Design of Sand and
<br />Gravel Filters
<br />NRCS - Chapter 45: Filter Diaphragms
<br />FEMA - Filters for Embankment Dams
<br />FEMA - Conduits through Embankment Dams
<br />Reclamation - Chapter 5: Protective Filters
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