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Hernandez, Dan <br />From: Scott Klarich [Scott.Klarich@state.co.us] <br />Sent: Wednesday, September 13, 2006 12:42 PM <br />To: Dan Hernandez <br />Subject: Re: FW: Twentymile Coal Company, Sedimentation Pond E -Unanticipated Coal Fines <br />Discharge <br />Another article <br />Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in a Soil Containing Polyacrylamide <br />http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2003/Papers/khaitan erickson hutchinson karthikeyan_ <br />102.pdf#search=$22po1yacrylamide~20toxicity$20~2B~20fate~20and~20transport$22 <br />Quotes <br />"Results indicated that, for the polyacrylamide (PAM) treatments in soil, there was no <br />significant C02 production in the headspace of the microcosm within the experimental time <br />period. Total organic carbon values obtained for the initial and final soil showed no <br />significant PAM biodegradation within a time period of 161 days. This confirms that PAM <br />biodegradation is a slow process and may take several years." <br />"Polyacrylamide has been shown to be nontoxic to humans, animals, fish and plants, but any <br />residual acrylamide monomer content in PAM products is a neurotoxin to humans and is a <br />major concern in regulation of this polymer. <br />It is concluded that PAM itself, does not pose any environmental threat, and can be used <br />in various applications such as those described in this work and to treat soils to <br />effectively reduce irrigation-induced erosion." <br />1 <br />