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LOGAN COUNTY, COLORADO sides and streambanks also help encourage wildlife. Ran- geland wildlife, including antelope and jackrabbits, can be encouraged on grasslands by livestock water develop- ments and types of fencing to permit unrestricted an- telope movement. The inherent low strength is the primary limiting soil feature for homesites or other urban developments. Minor engineering measures are needed to offset this limiting soil feature. Capability subclass Ile nonirrigated, I ir- rigated. 17— Canyon gravelly loam, 1 to 25 percent slopes. This is a shallow, well drained soil on upland ridges, knobs and tablelands. It formed in a thin mantle of cal- careous, loamy alluvial and eolian material underlain by calcareous sandstone. The average annual precipitation ranges from 15 to 17 inches. Slopes are nearly level to moderately steep. Included in this unit are small areas of Escabosa loam and Rosebud loam, both having 5 to 9 percent slopes. Typically the surface layer is a dark grayish brown, cal- careous gravelly loam about 3 inches thick and 15 percent calcareous sandstone fragments. The underlying layer is dark grayish brown, calcareous gravelly loam that is about 2 inches thick and 15 percent calcareous sandstone fragments over light gray, calcareous gravelly loam that is about 6 inches thick and 25 percent fragments of cal- careous sandstone. At a depth of about 11 inches is cal- careous sandstone (fig. 5). Permeability is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 6 to 20 inches. Available water capacity is low. Surface ru- noff is medium to rapid, and the erosion hazard is high. This soil is used almost entirely for grazing. It is not suited for cropland because of the shallow rooting depth. Small areas within large areas of cropland soils are used for nonirrigated cropland. The rangeland vegetation of this soil consists mainly of blue grama, little bluestem, sideoats grama, sedge, needle- andthread, red threeawn and sand reedgrass. Proper grazing use to improve or maintain range condition is needed on this soil to prevent loss of forage plants. Graz- ing systems that include periodic deferment are highly beneficial. Range seeding and mechanical treatment are generally not applicable. Windbreak and environmental plantings are generally not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to determine if plantings are feasible. Rangeland wildlife such as antelope, cottontail rabbit, coyote and scaled quail are best adapted on this soil. Forage production is typically low, and proper livestock grazing management is necessary if wildlife and livestock share the range. Livestock watering developments are also important and are utilized by various wildlife species. Where this soil is used for homesites and other urban developments, the primary limiting soil features are the depth to bedrock and slope where it exceeds 8 percent. Intensive and costly compensating measures are needed to minimize these limiting soil features. Capability sub- class VIIs nonirrigated. R 18— Chappell sandy loam. This is a deep, well drained soil on flood plains and alluvial fans. It formed in calcare- ous, stratified sandy alluvium deposited by intermittent streams. The average annual precipitation ranges from 15 to 19 inches. Slopes are nearly level to gently sloping. Included in this unit are small areas of Manter sandy loam and Bankard sand, both having 0 to 3 percent slopes. Typically the surface layer is dark grayish brown sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is dark grayish brown and grayish brown coarse sandy loam about 24 inches thick. The substratum is brown loamy coarse sand about 11 inches thick over pale brown, calcareous gravelly loamy coarse sand that extends to 60 inches. Permeability is rapid. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Available water capacity is low or moderate. Surface runoff is slow, the water erosion hazard is slight, and the soil blowing hazard is moderate. Some areas are subject to occasional, very brief flooding during spring and summer months. This soil is used mainly for grazing. Some areas are used for irrigated and nonirrigated cropland. Corn, alfalfa, sugar beets and wheat are the main crops on irrigated areas. Wheat is the main crop on nonirrigated cropland. In nonirrigated cropland areas the main concerns of management are conserving soil moisture and protecting soil from blowing. Stubble mulch tillage and incorporating crop residues are needed to protect soil from blowing, im- prove soil tilth, and conserve moisture. Planting crops in alternate strips at right angles to the prevailing wind is also effective in protecting soil from blowing. Tillage should be kept to a minimum. In irrigated areas the main concerns of management are efficient use of irrigation water, soil fertility, and soil blowing. This soil is suited to furrow, border or sprinkler irrigation methods. Leveling and irrigation water manage- ment are necessary to obtain uniform distribution and ef- ficient use of water. Incorporating crop residues is needed to reduce soil blowing during periods when the soil is not protected by growing crops. It also improves soil tilth. Applications of manure and commercial fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus are needed in main- taining soil fertility. Frequent light irrigations are needed on this soil because of the low or moderate available water capacity. The rangeland vegetation of this soil consists mainly of sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, sand dropseed, little bluestem, blue graina, needleandthread and switchgrass. Sand sagebrush is interspersed with the grasses. To maintain a productive growth of forage plants, proper grazing use is essential. Periodic deferment of grazing during the growing season is beneficial in maintaining and improving range condition. Fencing is necessary to obtain more uniform distribution of grazing. Brush management is needed when sand sagebrush becomes excessively dense and reduces forage production. Windbreaks and environmental plantings can be established on this soil. Soil blowing is the principal reason for establishing trees and shrubs. This hazard can