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Near Surfacij <br />Zone <br />Continuour <br />Deformation <br />Zone <br />Fractured <br />Zone <br />Caved Zone <br />Curvature: <br />i Convex Upward <br />Concave Upward <br />M <br />9 ENLARGEMENT 2 h <br />••- Tension <br />�— Compression <br />ENLARGEMENT 1 <br />�r ■ <br />ena <br />vita <br />1 .117:7716:1 1 7r,—"1- 4 : 41 a ll. P r P 46.1" P <br />NMI 1111 <br />Figure A. Conceptual diagram showing subsidence processes shortly after longwall mining <br />(dynamic state). Enlargement shows some possible water flow directions in the fractured zone <br />along fractures and separated bedding planes within the fractured zone. Enlargement 2 shows <br />deflections of material in the near - surface and continuous - deformation zones and resulting tilt, <br />curvature, and strain. Typical angle of draw (4)) and break angle (B, the angle of a line defining <br />the zone of maximum fracturing) are shown. <br />