2002-07-08_GENERAL DOCUMENTS - M2002004 (3)

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SENCINDIVER & AMMONS uses other than coal mining. State Oklahoma North Carolina Missouri Missouri 'elopment. Tables 23 -2 and y Number of series 5 26 2 1 2 2 24 2 3 9 5 16 29 5 12 16 6 1 21 12 Date established 1972 1981 • 1979 1979 stablished, the general con - ils is that current classes in ninesoils and do not convey arson, 1977; Schafer, 1979a; al., 1992; Strain & Evans. MINESOIL GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION Table 23 -5. Proposed minesoil subgroups of Udispolents. Subgroup modifier Carbolithic Fissile Kalkig Matric Plattic Pyrolithic Regolithic Plattic Schlickig Typic Dominant lithologyt Black, high C rock Thin- bedded shale Limestone or calcareous mudstone <10% rock fragments Sandstone, predominantly low chroma (gray) Burned carbolithic materiaP Sandstone, predominantly high chroma (brown) Nonfissile mudstone Mixture of rock types Unless otherwise noted, subgroups must have at least 10% rock fragments and dominant rock type must make up a least 65% of rock fragments. 50% or more of rock fragments present. 1994). Some of these pedologists have proposed modifications to Soil Taxonomy to deal with the unique features of these soils. Sencindiver (1977) and colleagues (Ammons & Sencindiver, 1990; Sencindiver et al., 1978; Thurman & Sencin- diver, 1986; Thurman et al., 1985) have proposed a new suborder, Spolents; for minesoils they studied primarily in West Virginia, but also including other east- ern and midwestern states. Their research indicated that minesoils have at least three of the following properties (many pedons have 6-8 of these properties): (i) disordered rock fragments; (ii) color mottling not associated with horizonation or redoximorphic features; (iii) splintered or sharp edges- on rock fragments; (iv) bridging voids between rock fragments; (v) a thin surface horizon generally higher in fines than any other horizon; (vi) local pockets of dissimilar material, but not parts of former diagnostic horizons; (vii) artifacts; (viii) carbolithic (black, high C) rock fragments; and (ix) irregular distribution of oxidizable C with depth. - Using these properties, they proposed nine subgroups of Udispolents (Table 23 -5). These properties were used to develop minesoil mapping units m soil surveys (Wright et al., 1982) and to establish series in West Virginia (Table 23 -2), although Udorthents continued to be the official taxon used for both the mapping units and the series. Ammons and Shelton (1985) applied the Spolents concept to pyritic disposal area spoils on the divide section of the Tennessee- Tombigbee Waterway, and concluded that the proposed suborder was applicable to noncoal land disturbance. Fanning and Fanning (1989) proposed revisions to the Soil Taxonomy def- inition of Typic Udorthents and proposed new subgroups for scalped land sur- faces (Scalpic), locally derived fill materials that have been moved by earth - moving equipment and have few or no manufactured inorganic artifacts (Spolic), miscellaneous urban fill materials that contain inorganic manufactured artifacts (Urbic), and organic wastes of human activity (Spolic Garbic or Urbic Garbic). Strain and Evans (1994) used the diagnostic criteria established by Fanning and Fanning (1989) for spolic, urbic, or garbic materials or scalped land surfaces for sand- and gravel -pit soils and proposed Anthrosols as a new order in Soil Taxon- omy. The Anthrosols concept was originally proposed by Kosse (1988), but was expanded by Strain and Evans. Suborders of Garbans, Urbans, Spolans, and Scal- pans were suggested. Limits for great group and subgroup classification were 607