2002-07-08_GENERAL DOCUMENTS - M2002004 (3)

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SENCINDIVER & AMMONS ATION tin 5 yr (Daniels & Amos, 1981; its et al., 1988a,b; Schafer et al., These young A horizons may be erentiate them from the subsoil. rganic matter accumulation and le structure has developed. Stud - upper 10 cm of vegetated mine - native soils within 30 to 50 yr 3owever, organic C accumulates 0 yr or more may be required to red rates of accumulation (Schafer also may break down rock frag- its (Ciolkosz et al., 1985), so that nt contents than subsurface hori- ;crease in the rock fragment con - wa loess spoil from a railroad cut xi developed in 100 yr. The color 3ut it was not dark enough to be mine the types of materials from nesis of soil horizons. When prime ins to a depth of 1 m must be stock - ,tructed soil (SMCRA, 1977). This Ind. Bell et al. (1994) described 72 rime farmland in western Pennsyl- ons on nearly all profiles. The prop - from the original replaced topsoil. e senior author) of minesoils devel- ia, nine pedons were described and Three pedons were 3 yr old, three 'he 3- and 8 -yr -old sites had been old site had not been regraded or on it when the minesoils were i to trees ( red pine [Pinus resinosa )ine [P. strobus L.], and larch [Larix had been seeded to grasses [tall fes- t' bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), timo- ne and Norway spruce [Picea abies izer had been applied to the 3 -yr -old vlountain coal seam had been mined ewellyn Formation during the Penn - eveloped in earth materials produced :pining and reclamation methods dif- to soil development. Thickness of A from 5 to 15 cm and averaged 9 cm, MINESOIL GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION Table 23 -1. Representative pedon descriptions of 3 -, 8 -, and 30 -yr -old anthracite minesoils in Pennsylvania. Depth >2 mm pH Horizon cm Moist color Texture' Structure= Consistence* %(v /v) H 3 -yr -old site A 0-7 C1 7 -26 C2 26-110 8 -yr -old site A 0 -7 CI 7 -28 30 -yr -old site A 0-5 AC 5 -15 C1 15 -31 C2 31 -71 C3 71 -114 10YR 4/3 grsl if & mgr fr 15 6.8 10YR 5/8 vchsl ma fr 40 5.8 vchls 10YR 6/8 echsl ma fi 80 6.1 7.5 YR 6/8 echls 10 YR 5/6 10YR 4/3 grl lfgr fr 20 5.0 7.5 YR 5/8 vgrl ma fr & fi 40 5.2 10YR 3/3 vgrsl IOYR 3/2 C2 28 -55 10YR 4/4 vgrl ma fr & fi 40 5.3 7.5YR 5/6 N 2.5/0 C3 55 -100 10YR 4/4 vgrl ma fi 40 5.3 7.5YR 5/6 N 2.5/0 5YR 3/2 10YR 5/3 vgrl lfgr vfr 40 5.3 10YR 4/2 vgrl lfgr vfr 40 5.2 10YR 6/6 10YR 5/4 grl /grsl ma fr 30 5.6 7.5YR 4/4 grcl ma fr & fi 30 5.5 7.5YR 5/6 vgrl ma fr 50 5.0 10YR 4/1 vgrsl ' gr = gravelly, v = very, ch = channery, e = extremely, sl = sandy loam, Is = loamy sand, 1 = loam, cI = clay loam. 1 = weak, f = fine, m = medium, gr = granular, ma = massive. e vfr = very friable, fr = friable, fi = firm. 601 thickness of the 8 -yr -old A horizons ranged from 5 to 7 cm thick and averaged 6 cm, and thickness of the 3 -yr -old A horizons ranged from 7 to 9 cm and aver- aged 8 cm. Erosion on steep slopes (54 -57 %) might have prevented thicker A horizons from developing on the 30 -yr -old sites. The average slope at the sites of the 3- and 8 -yr old pedons was 9% with all slopes being 21% or less. Although no clear differences in A horizon thicknesses were observed, transitional AC hori- zons were described at the 30 -yr -old site (Table 23 -1). Higher surface horizon pH values of the 3 -yr old minesoil probably resulted from lime applications. How- ever, higher pH's of the 3 -yr -old C2 horizon are more likely an inherent property of the parent materials rather than a result of liming. Subsurface horizons have also been described in minesoils of various ages. Roberts et al. (1988b) described AC horizons in 4 -yr -old minesoils. Schafer et al. (1980) described shallow cambic -like horizons in 50 -yr -old minesoils. Daniels and Amos (1981) observed that cambic horizons formed in 15 to 20 yr in silty materials. In nontopsoiled minesoils in Pennsylvania varying in age from 1 to