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• <br />• <br />• <br />Near Surfaces <br />Zone <br />Continuour <br />Deformation <br />Zone <br />Fractured <br />Zone <br />Caved Zone <br />a <br />e <br />g ENLARGEMENT 2 h <br />Curvature: <br />— --- Convex Upward <br />Concave Upward <br />ENLARGEMENT 1 <br />f <br />�-� Tension <br />—x— Compression <br />b <br />ind .. i <br />! Pa l i I a mi <br />AI _ -.w <br />0 <br />It-F4, .1i... M T 7. -_, 11 77 1.11... '"r; I:11. V ". 7 all <br />Figure A. Conceptual diagram showing subsidence processes shortly after longwall mining <br />(dynamic state). Enlargement shows some possible water flow directions in the fractured zone <br />along fractures and separated bedding planes within the fractured zone. Enlargement 2 shows <br />deflections of material in the near - surface and continuous - deformation zones and resulting tilt, <br />curvature, and strain. Typical angle of draw (4) and break angle (B, the angle of a line defining <br />the zone of maximum fracturing) are shown. <br />