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3.3 Friction Angle Estimation <br />A total representative angle of friction (? + i) = 33° was used for the wedge stability <br />analysis, where "?" was the basic friction angle and 7' was the surface roughness angle <br />(Hoek and Bray, 1977). The surface roughness angle is the angle between the basic <br />plane of the joint and the planes representing the surface of ripples or undulations of the <br />' joint surface. This value was based on the results of the direct shear testing performed as <br />part of the 2003 geotechnical investigation (L&A, 2003), The test results produced only a <br />basic friction angle, ?, and results indicated that the basic friction angle of the <br />discontinuities ranged from 13.7° to 49.3° with a mean value of 28°. These results do not <br />' include the two direct shear tests conducted on samples with clay material along the <br />foliation plane, which produced an average friction angle of 50. The surface roughness <br />' angle, "i", has been estimated to be 5° and this angle has been utilized for all of stability <br />analyses since 1997. <br />p -7- <br />. Lachet & Associates <br />AA Sr14WAU5I FPIGINEFRING COMP.INY