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Page 9 of 23 <br />Appendix I <br />Perennial Sowthistle are highly competitive, persistent, and can rapidly colonize new sites by vegetative <br />reproduction. Perennial Sowthistle seldom flowers in the first year. With true roots this plant creeps <br />underground and comes up meters away. Flowers open two to three hours after sunrise and close around <br />noon. Seeds are dispersed around ten days after first opening. With no dormancy period a seed form the <br />previous year will germinate nest spring. If seed in water for more than three months it will decompose. <br />Perennial Sowthistle also produces seeds. Perennial Sowthistle thrives on non-compacted, tine , rich <br />slightly alkaline to neutral soils. Tolerates sonic salinity. <br />Mechanical Control of <br />By tilling below 30 cm or leaving them on the surface to dessicate may reduce infestations. The optimal <br />timing for cultivation to reduce root energy reserves is when plants is just emerging form the ground. <br />Repeated cultivation will be necessary for most infestations. <br />Chemical Control of Plutneless Thistle <br />Auxin type herbicides such as 2.4-d. dicamba. MCPA, and clopyralid have been effective with NIV ated <br />applications when plants are in the seedling or early bud stages. Glyphosate may also he applied as <br />effective spot treatment. <br />MANACE:MENT