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Page 9 of 2 3 <br />Appendix I <br />Perennial Sowthistle are highly competitive, persistent, and can rapidly colonize new sites by vegetative <br />reproduction. Perennial Sowthistle seldom flowers in the first year. \Vith true roots this plant creeps <br />underground and conics tip meters away. Flowers open t\%o to three hours after sunrise and close around <br />noon. Seeds are dispersed around ten days after first opening. With no domiancy period a seed forni the <br />previous vear will gcmtinate next spring. If seed in water for more than three months it will decompose. <br />Perennial Sowthistle also produces seeds. Perennial Sowthistlc thrives on non-compacted, fine , rich <br />slightly alkaline to neutral soils. Tolerates some salinity. <br />Mechanical Control of <br />By tilling below 30 cm or leaving them on the surface to dessicate may reduce infestations. The optimal <br />timing for cultivation to mdu?e rout energy reserves is when plants is just emerging form the ground. <br />Repeated cultivation will be neeessarv for most infestation; <br />Chemical Control of Plumeless Thistle <br />Auxin type herbicides such as 2A-d. dicatnba. MC'PA. and clopyralid have been effective with repeated <br />applications when plants are in the seedling or carly bud stages. Olyphosate may also be applied as <br />effective spot treatment. <br />NIANAC;ENIEN•f