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no partitioning data for adsorption of antimony onto humic substances could be found
<br />in the literature.
<br />Redox Processes
<br />Sb(+3) oxidation to Sb(+5) by oxygen is a very slow reaction. Leuz and Johnson (2005)
<br />found that no significant oxidation of Sb(+3) by oxygen occurred at pH values between
<br />3.6 and 9.8 over a period of 200 days. However, Sb(+3) clearly has been oxidized to
<br />Sb(+5) within many soils investigated in the literature. One possible explanation
<br />presented by Ceriotti and Amarasiriwardena (2009) is that humic acids present in many
<br />soils mediate the oxidation process.
<br />References
<br />Ackermann, S., Giere, R., Newville, M. and J. Majzlan. 2009. Antimony sinks in the
<br />weathering crust of bullets from Swiss shooting ranges. Science of the Total Environment.
<br />v. 407, n. 5. p. 1669-1682.
<br />Baes, C.F. and R.E. Mesmer.1976. The Hydrolysis of Cations. John Wiley and Sons. NY.
<br />Casiot, C., Ujevic, M., Munoz, M., Seidel, J.L. and F. Elbaz-Poulichet. 2007. Antimony
<br />and arsenic mobility in a creek draining an antimony mine abandoned 85 years ago
<br />• (upper Orb basin, France). Applied Geochemistry. v. 22, n. 4. p. 788-798.
<br />Ceriotti, G. and D. Amarasiriwardena. 2009. A study of antimony complexed to soil-
<br />derived humic acids and inorganic antimony species along a Massachusetts highway.
<br />Microchemical journal. v. 91, n.1. p. 85-93.
<br />Denys, S. , Tack, K., Caboche, J. and P. Delalain. 2009. Bioaccessibility, solid phase
<br />distribution, and speciation of Sb in soils and in digestive fluids. Chemosphere. V. 74, n. 5.
<br />p. 711-716.
<br />Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).1984. Chemical Attenuation Rates, Coefficients,
<br />and Constants in Leachate Migration. Volume 1: A Critical Review. EPRI EA-3356 Volume 1
<br />Project 2198-1 February 1984.
<br />Ettler, V., MihaljevR, M., Sebek, O. and Z. Nechutny. 2007. Antimony availability in
<br />highly polluted soils and sediments - A comparison of single extractions. Chemosphere.
<br />V. 68, n. 3. p. 455-463.
<br />Hem, J.D. 1971. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural
<br />Water. Second Edition. USGS Water Supply Paper 1473.
<br />Landrum, J.T., Bennett, P.C., Engel, A.S., Alsina, M.A., Pasten, P.A. and K. Milliken.
<br />2009. Partitioning geochemistry of Arsenic and Antimony, El Tatio Geyser Field, Chile.
<br />Applied Geochemistry. In Press.
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