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before the plant flowers, followed by a later season application to spot treat any surviving <br />or recently sprouted plants is the way to continue to control yellow toadflax populations. <br />Mayweed chamomile, which had become established and set seed on the biosolids <br />stockpiles in previous years, has now become a problem in the reclaimed areas where the <br />biosolids were spread. It appears that this weed initially grows well in recently reclaimed <br />soils because of the high nitrogen content and lack of plant competition. This weed is less <br />of a problem in established plant communities of perennial grasses. Until these reclaimed <br />areas have time to mature, annual herbicide treatments should continue. <br />Canada thistle is not as prevalent as either yellow toadflax or mayweed chamomile. <br />However, when Climax mine enters its next production phase, water levels and shoreline <br />areas of the reservoirs to the north will increase. Populations of this wetland loving <br />invasive should be closely monitored to keep Canada thistle from establishing itself in the <br />newly created wet areas. <br />Musk thistle and oxeye daisy are present and established on the mine but have been <br />shown to be much less prevalent than yellow toadflax. Occurrences of these species are <br />sporadic throughout disturbed areas of the mine and pose less of a threat to dominant <br />plant communities. Control of these species warrants thorough, but less frequent, <br />herbicide treatments. <br />6 <br />Climax Weed Report 1/22/09