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_0 <br />e f <br />9 ENLARGEMENT 2 h <br />Curvature <br />- Convex Upward --- Tension <br />- Concave Upward -- Compression <br />Near <br />Zone <br />\r\ ?(1 1 7L <br />V h71 AQf!!CAA:"C - 1 <br />• <br />• <br />Defoe <br />Zone <br />Fr%I, <br />Zone <br />Caved <br />. F_ <br />Figure A. Conceptual diagram showing subsidence processes shortly after longwall mining <br />(dynamic state). Enlargement shows some possible water flow directions in the fractured zone <br />,Tong fractures and separated bedding planes within the fractured zone. Enlargement 2 shows <br />deflections of material in the near-surface and continuous-deformation zones and resulting tilt, <br />curvature, and strain. Typical angle of draw (?) and break angle (B, the angle of a line defining <br />the zone of maximum fracturing) are shown.