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panel will have to be continuously changed to match overburden changes or all
<br />monuments will have to be spaced to match the shallowest overburden for that panel.
<br />Considerable advances have been made since the early subsidence transit and leveling
<br />monitoring programs by the NCB. The precise leveling used by Collins (1977), has been
<br />replaced by Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) and more recently the Global
<br />Positioning System (GPS) has apparently increased its accuracy to the point that it has
<br />been used to measure subsidence induced changes at the ground surface. There is no
<br />substitute for properly constructed monuments either anchored to bedrock or at sufficient
<br />depth to prevent temperature and moisture changes from impacting the measurements.
<br />10.0 REFERENCES
<br />Abel, Jr., J.F., 1982, Surface Subsidence Monitoring Guidelines, Phase 1 Report: U.S.
<br />Geol. Survey Contract No. 14-08-001-18822, 11 p.
<br />Abel, Jr., J.F. & F.T. Lee, 1984, Lithologic Controls on Subsidence: Trans. SME/AIME,
<br />v 274, p 2028-2034.
<br />Abel, Jr., J.F., 1988, Soft rock pillar design: Intl. Jour Mining & Geological Engrg, v 6,
<br />p 215-248
<br />Bauer, R.A., B.B. Mehnert, D.J. van Roosendaal, P.J. DeMaris, N. Kawamura & C.J.
<br />Booth, 1995, Land subsidence and hydrologic changes due to longwall coal mining
<br />in Illinois: in Land Subsidence Case Studies and Current Research, AEG Sp
<br />Pub 8, p 218-228.
<br />Booth, C.J. and E.D. Spande, 1992, Potentiometric and aquifer property changes above
<br />subsiding longwall min panels: Ground Water, v 30, n 3, May-June, p 362-368.
<br />Brauner, G., 1973:, Ground movements and mining damage, Pt. 2 of Subsidence due to
<br />underground mining: U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8572, 53 p.
<br />Briggs, Henry, 1929, Mining Subsidence. London, Edward Arnold and Co., 153 p.
<br />Carey, S.W., 1954, The rheid concept in geotectonics: Jour. Geol. Soc. Aust., v 1, n 1,
<br />p 67-117.
<br />Collins, B. J., 1977, Measurement and analysis of residual mining subsidence
<br />movements, in Geddes, J. D., ed., Large ground movements and structures: New
<br />York, Halsted Press, p 3-29.
<br />Dunrud, C. R., 1976, Some engineering geologic factors controlling coal mine
<br />subsidence in Utah and Colorado. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
<br />969.
<br />Dunrud, C. R., and F.W. Osterwald; 1980, Effects of coal mine subsidence in the
<br />Sheridan, Wyoming, area: USGS Geological Survey Professional Paper 1164,
<br />49 p.
<br />Gentry, D. W. and J.F. Abel, Jr., 1978, Rock mass response to mining longwall panel
<br />4N, York Canyon Mine: Mining Engineering, Society of Mining Engineers, Mar
<br />1978, p 273-280.
<br />C-42
<br />DBMS 334
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