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DRAFT <br />Table 4. Bank Density, Swell Factor and Percent Free Swell for Selected Rocks and Soils <br />Sedimentary Rocks or Soils <br />Clay, natural <br />Coal, anthracite <br />bituminous <br />Conglomerate <br />Earth, wet <br />loam <br />Gravel, pit run <br />Limestone <br />typical values <br />Montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolin <br />illite, smektite <br />Sand, dry <br />damp <br />wet <br />Sandstone <br />Shale, mudstone <br />Siltstone, hard <br />soft <br />Bank Density Swell Factor Free Swell <br />126 PCF 0.82 22% <br />100 PCF 0.74 35% <br />80 PCF 0.74 35% <br />153 PCF 0.72-0.63 40-60% <br />126 PCF 0.79 27% <br />96 PCF 0.81 23% <br />135 PCF 0.89 12% <br />155-163 PCF 0.57-0.60 67-75% <br /> 0.59 69% <br />141 PCF 0.77 30% <br />100 PCF 0.89 12% <br />120 PCF 0.89 12% <br />130 PCF 0.89 12% <br />153-157 PCF 0.60 67% <br />104 PCF 0.75 33% <br />153-157 PCF 0.57-0.60 67-75% <br />126 PCF 0.82 22% <br />Free swell (%) =change in volume broken as a percent of original bank volume <br />Swell factor =broken density/bank density <br />Adapted from: Caterpillar, Inc., 1987, Caterpillar performance handbook, p 740 and Euclid Road <br />Machinery Co., 1953, Estimating production and costs <br />Page 17 of 57 <br />