|
topsoil treatments roots only extended to depths of SO
<br />and 110 cm, respeMively. Figure 6 shows the soil moisture
<br />content of the control in August 1983 and again in spring
<br />1984 following soil moisture recharge. Although
<br />September to May precipitation in 1983 to 1984 was above
<br />average (27.8 cm vs. a 30-yr average of 7A.6 cm), it is
<br />apparent from Fig. 6 that sufficient precipitation can oc-
<br />cur during this period to recharge the soil to at least 120
<br />cm. Since the rooting depth in the 30-cm treatment is only
<br />50 cm, however, most of the precipitation will percolate
<br />beyond the rooting depth. Although the 90-cm treatment
<br />haz a much greater rooting depth, it is still shallower than
<br />the depth to which recharge occurred during 1983 to 1984.
<br />Thus during moist winters, deep percolation will also oc-
<br />cur in the 90-cm treatment.
<br />CONCLUSIONS
<br />These results indicate considerable movement of s: Its
<br />and certain trace elements is occurring in retorted shale
<br />plots. Movement ofsoluble salts (primarily Na salts) and
<br />F within the soil-retorted shale profiles haz been both up-
<br />ward, either by capillary rise or diffusion, and downward
<br />by leaching. Molybdenum has shown slight movement
<br />out of the retorted shale layer, while As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn,
<br />Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn have remained almost entirely within
<br />the shale layer.
<br />Plots with the greatest topsoil depths showed the least
<br />salt or trace element movement in either direction. Place-
<br />ment of a 30-cm rock capillary barrier between the top-
<br />soil and the retorted shale layer prevented upward salt
<br />or trace element movement by diffusion or capillary ac-
<br />tion. Leaching with 76 cm of water (2.6 pore volumes)
<br />did not reduce EC to acceptable levels (<4 dS m-`), nor
<br />did it substantially reduce concentrations of most trace
<br />elements in the top 60 an of shale.
<br />It appears that because the retorted shale layers arc
<br />restricting rooting depths, more moisture is percolating
<br />into deep soil layers on plots containing retorted shale
<br />than on the control plots. The closer the shale is to the
<br />surface, the greater the increase in deep percolation. The
<br />extent to which trace element and salt movement occurs
<br />in commercial retorted shale piles will depend, in addi-
<br />tion to climate and evapotranspiration rates, on the con-
<br />ccnlration and type of sales or trace elements m the
<br />retorted shale, the thickness of the retorted shale, and
<br />the thickness and nature of the soil used to cover the
<br />shale.
<br />REFF.RENCFS
<br />Charley, J L.. and N.Fi. West. 1973. Pla nt~induad soil chemical poi
<br />terns in some desert shrub-dominated ccosyslrms of lllah 1. F,<ol
<br />6):943-964.
<br />Fireman, M ,and H.C. Hayward. 1932. Indicator signi ficanct of some
<br />shrubs in Escalantc Dcscrt, Utah. Bol. Gac. (Chicago) 114:143-133.
<br />Fransway, D.F., and R.J. Wagenet. I98I. Sall release and movement
<br />m processed oil shale. 1. Environ. Qual 10:107-113.
<br />Harbert. H P.. III. W.A. Berg, and D.B. A1cWhonrr. 1979. Lysimeler
<br />study nn she disposal of Paraho retorted oil shalt. EPAfi00/7-79.188.
<br />U.S. Environmental Prottttinn Agenq~. Cincinnati, OH.
<br />Hassler, R.A., D.A. Klein, and R.R. Meglrn. 1984. Microbial contribu-
<br />tions to soluble and volatile arsenic dynamics in retorted oil shale.
<br />1. Environ. Qual. 17:46671.
<br />Jessup, R.W. 1969. Soil salinity and sahbush coumry of northeastern
<br />South Australia. Trans. R. Soc. South Aust. 93:69-78.
<br />Kilkelly, M.K., and W.L. Lindsay. 1979. Trace elements in plants on
<br />processed ail shale.p. 191-233. !n Trace elements in oil shale, pro-
<br />gress report. Contract no. EY-76-3-02~OI7. University of Colorado,
<br />Denver.
<br />Klein, D.A., R. Hassler, R.R. Meglcn, and R. Sisrko. 1981. Nulrrcnt
<br />effects on microbial mobiliration of arsenic from retorted oil shale.
<br />p. 42-38. !n Trace eltments in oil shale, progress report. Contract
<br />no. EY-76-3-02~t017, University of Colorado, Denver.
<br />Kline, L.G., and C.M. McKell. 1974. Fole of annual grasses and shrubs
<br />in nutrient cycling of Great Basin plant mmmunilic5. U$/IBP Desert
<br />Biome Res. Memo RM74-14. Utah State University, Logan.
<br />Redentc. E.F., w.J. Ruuo, C.W. Cook, and W.A. Berg. 1980. Rezoned
<br />oil shale charatteristiu and rttlamalion. p. 169-191. /n K.K. Petersen
<br />(ed.) Oil shale-The Environmental challenges, Colorado School of
<br />Mines Press, Golden.
<br />Redente, E.F., J.M. Stark, M.E. Biomlini, T.A. Oliver, and C.L. Sim-
<br />mons. 1983. Vegetation structure and succession as they relate to soil
<br />di turbancc and retorted shale. p. 27-CA. /n E.F. Rcdente et al. (ed.)
<br />Semiarid ecosystem development as a function of resource process-
<br />ing and allocation. Progress Rcp. for USDOE, Contract no. DE-
<br />AS02-76EV04018. Colorado Stale University, Fort Collins.
<br />Rickard, W.H. and R.F. Keough. 1968. Soil-plant relationships of two
<br />ste •cd desert shrubs. Plant Sail 29:203.213.
<br />Roberts, R.C. 1950. Chemical effects of salbtolerant shrubs on soils.
<br />Trans. Int. Congr. Soil Sci., 4th 1:409-406.
<br />Runnells, D.D., A1. Glase, O. Saether, and K. Stallcnwerk. 1979.
<br />Release, transport, and fate of some pommial pollmants in waters
<br />associated with oil shale. p. 134-190. /n Trace elements in oil shale,
<br />progress report Contract no. EY-76-F-02-0017. Universiry~ of Col-
<br />orado, Denver.
<br />Schmchl, W.R. 1971. Rttlamation of spent nil shale for plant growth.
<br />Agron. Abslr American Sociay' of Agronomy, Madison, w'I, p. 149.
<br />Sharma. A.P., and D.J. Tongway. 1973. Plain-induced soil salinity pat-
<br />tcrns in Iwo salt bush (Arrip(u sp.) communit its. 1. Range Manage.
<br />26:27 -29.
<br />Sohanpour, P.N., 1.8. Jones, and S.M. Workman. 1982 Optical emis-
<br />sion spectrometry p. 29-63. /n A.L. Page a al. led.) Mehods of
<br />sail analysis, Pan 2. 2nd cd. Agronomy 9:29-63.
<br />Sohanpour, P. N'.. S.M Workman, and A.P Schwab 1979. Usc of
<br />mduaivdy<oupt<d plasma spectrometry for the simuhaneous deter-
<br />mination of macro and micronutriems m NH.HCO,-DTPA cxuaas
<br />of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1. 43:73-78
<br />Teidmann, .4 R.. and 1.0 Klemm<dson. 19"1? Erfeas of mesQUim on
<br />physical and chemical properties of the soil. 1 Range Manage.
<br />26:27-29.
<br />USDA~SCS. 1982. Soil survey of Rio Blanco Coum:. U S. Goverm
<br />mein Priming Ofr~u, Washmgz on. DC.
<br />U.S Sallnuy Laboratory Szalf. 1934. Diagnosis and impro•~cmem of
<br />saline and alkah sails. USDA-SCS. Agric Handb. 60. U S. Go•'erm
<br />menl Pri riling Ofnce, Washington. UC.
<br />Wildung, R.E., and 1.M. Zachara. 1980. Geochemistry of nil shale snhd
<br />waste disposal. p. 201-240. /n K. Ktllogg Puerson (ed.) 011 shale-
<br />Th< en vuonmem al challenges. Colorado School oI Mines Press.
<br />Galdcn.
<br />
<br />28A J. Environ. Qual., Vnl. 15, no. 3, 1986
<br />
|