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i~ ' Protohistoric occupations (post - A. D. 1500) are rare in the Colorado Piedmont. This situation appears to result primarily from ' a lack of research emphasis. Ethnographic data indicate that the foothills region was the western boundary for Plains Indian ' occupations. Until approximately A. D. 1700, the Apache dominated the entire eastern portion of the state. Following the Apache movement south, the Comanche and Ute claimed this area until about ~ , A. D. 1750. Between A. D. 1750 and A. D. 1820, the Comanche and Ute split the state in half, with the Comanche remaining east of the Rocky Mountains. By A. D. 1830 the Arapahoe and Cheyenne were dominant in the northeastern quarter of Colorado. The last major transition occurred with the Cheyenne and Arapahoe dominating the entire eastern half of the state by the mid-1800s (Cassells 1983). ' ' Abundant information is available regarding the historic Indian tribes that once occupied northeastern Colorado and the ' ' Colorado Front Range, primarily, the Utes (Stewert 1971); Apache (Haley 1981); Comanche (Wallace and Hoebel 1952); Arapahoe (Kroeber ~~ ' 1983; Trenhold (1970); Kiowas (Mayhall 1971); and Cheyenne (Grinnell 1956). Many other "tribes," however, from surrounding regions visited Colorado to hunt, make war, and generally look for adventure (i.e., the Sioux (Hassrick 1988); and the Pawnee (Hyde i ' 1974). Several sources applicable to the region are available including, Beals (1935); Cropley (1951); Henderson (1927); Hughes (1977); Hurst (1937, 1946a, 1996b); Marsh (1982); Renoud (1927); Roberts (1996); Stewert (1947); Toll (1913) for Estes Park. Wedel (1946); Wedel (1963) for the Boulder area; and Wheat (1968). See ' also Stoffle, Dobyns, Evans, and Stewart (1989). The Human Relation Area Files (HRAF) located at the University of Colorado ' Library, Boulder also contain extensive information regarding the American Indians of Colorado and elsewhere. 28