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were located and oriented using a blind throw of a meter stick. Final location of each herbaceous • production quadrat was accomplished with a blind throw of the sampling hoop made from the origin of the associated cover/woody plant density transect. At each cover/woody plantdensity sampling location, the slope, expressed as a percent, and aspect of the site, in degrees not corrected for magnetic declination, were determined and recorded, as was the orientation of the transect. TWO-STAGE SAMPLING The Wadge Pasture was sampled for woody plant density using atwo-stage statistical design. In two-stage sampling, the entire area to be sampled is divided into smaller units of equal area, known as primary units. A subset of primary units is randomly selected, and each selected primary unit is then divided into subunits. Randomly selected subunits are sampled and represent the second-stage of sampling. Wadge Pasture was divided into 20 equal-sized primary sample units, 15 of these were randomly selected to be sampled (see Map 2). Each primary sample unit was approximately 15 acres in size. Within each selected primary sample unit, 3 of sample locations were randomly chosen in the same fashion used for single stage random sampling. These points were then placed on field maps and located as accurately as possible in the field. Values from the three samples within a primary unit were averaged and thus, for • statistical purposes, sample size (n) is fifteen. SAMPLE ADEQUACY CALCULATIONS Sample adequacy calculations for parameter estimation without hypothesis testing were carried out using the formula as prescribed by the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board (CMLRB 1995): Nmin= tt ZSZ V ^mean where: to =one-tailed t-value with (n-1) degrees of freedom, a=0.10 sZ =sample variance d =level of precision or desired detectable reduction(0.1 for cover and production, 0.15 for woody plant density as per proposed DMG rule changes pending as of 2/03) xmea„ =sample mean