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THE ELEMF;NTS (Continued)
<br />steel alloys being used in armor plate, projectiles and high speed
<br />cutting tools. Salts of tungsten are used in chemical, pigme¢{
<br />and tanning industries.
<br />iiY~I~111afPlanet Uranus), U; at. wt. 2.38.07; at. no. 92; m.p,
<br />about l I50°C; b.p. ; sp. gr. 18.68 (20°C); valence 3,
<br />9 or 6. Discovered 6y ]ilaproth in pitchblende in 1789; metal
<br />first prepared in 1891 by Peligot by reducing the chloride with
<br />metallic potassium. This method is still used. The chief ore
<br />is ur¢nixute, or pitchblende, uranous crenate, t~
<br />Uranium is used chie y i ompounda
<br />w rah give a cnaary-yellow fluorescent gls-ss and a black pig-
<br />ment for chine painting; iLS compounds are used in photog-
<br />raphy. Of the generally recognized elements it has Lhe highest
<br />atomic weight and is the last in Lhe Periodic Table. Uranium
<br />compounds are radioactive. It has been the most impona¢t
<br />element in work on nuclear energy and Lhe atomic bomb.
<br />~It~I6candinnvian goddess, Vnnadia), V; at. wt.
<br />50.95; al. no. 2.3; m.p. 1710°C; h. p. 8000°C; sp. gr. 5.96 (20°C)•
<br />valence 2, 3, 9 or 5. Discovered by Sefstrom in 1830; isolated
<br />6y Rnsroc. in 1869. Though rrlntively rare, vanadium ~is found
<br />in a vnrir.Ly of minerals; prominent nmonq these are uanadinile
<br />(31'U,(VO.)x.PLCIx) and palroni/e (possibly VSJ occurring i¢
<br />Peru. t'anndium is obtained by reduction of the chloride in
<br />hydrogen, ionising ~ The
<br />vanadntes arc employee~in the prepnrution of aniline black and
<br />for roloring glass. Mlost of iL is produced ns ferro-vanadium
<br />and used in the mnnu(arture n( steel nllovs, greatly increasing
<br />toughness, elasticity and tensile strength, VtUe masses ere
<br />used in the contort prornss (or mm~u(¢ctnre of sulfuric acid.
<br />Wolfram (see 'fungstcu).
<br />Xenon (Cr. reran, stranger), Xc; nt. wt. 131.3; aL. no. 54:
<br />m.p. -112°C' h. p. -IOi.I°C; density 5.85 gig, sp. gr. liquid
<br />3..52 (- 109°~): vnlcurc 0. llisrovcrcd by Ramsay and
<br />Tr¢vcrn in 1898 in the residue Irrt un evaporating liquid air. LL
<br />is the. rxrrst. and heaviest of Lhc gases of the argon family from
<br />the xt niosphcre, in wbwh it is presmd to the extent of about one
<br />part in twenty million. IL is inert and forme no compounds
<br />wish other elements. Vacuum tubes containing it show e
<br />brmniful bhic glow.
<br />Y'tterblom (1'Ltcrbv, vilingc m Sweden), Yb; at. wt. 173.04;
<br />at. no. 70; tn.p. 1800°(:; h.p..... ; ep. gr. ;
<br />vnlrnar. 3. Separated by Atnrignac in 18i8. In 1907 Urbaia
<br />and in 1908 von R'elshach dcecribed a process by which this
<br />earth conluimng the melnl, could be resolved inW earths a( two
<br />other metals-uco-y Uerbium, or simply ytterbium, and
<br />lulcliwn. These clement, occur in ncnrly all minerals which
<br />contain yttrium, but in very snm.l! amounts The best sources
<br />ore probably gmblinile xenofirne, pal~craae and 6toniafrnndinc.
<br />The oxide, chloride and sulfate hove been prepared.
<br />Ytlrlum (YtterbY, village in Sweden), Y; at. wt. 88.92 nt.
<br />oo. 39; m.p. l4'JO°C; b.p. 2500°C sp. gr. 5.51 ;valence 3. t1'he
<br />rare enrlh yttrin, which contained a new clement, was dio-
<br />388
<br />,P~g ELEM};NTS (t;onLtnued) that
<br />in 1794' in 1843 Mosander ehov+ed
<br />other eleme the
<br />veered by Cadolin tnto the earths of most bea+c one,
<br />tcrb+a. Yttrium occursthe
<br />{(leis could lhlr ssbcing reserved for the ¢b Lamed
<br />and
<br />(ye name.Y ed erbia Wohler tom; tt•
<br />others bemK ham earths mincehloride w+th potass of tho
<br />aearty all of the rare of the oS a mixture
<br />hee element obtained tbY the elThe metal forms small scoles
<br />iron-grey color;, +l +s read+YY
<br />has also been sodium chlonde. boiling
<br />ehlonde anc alhc luster xnde tad to Lhe hydr us ascrds to give
<br />rdth a m air soil.+s tepidly attacked by m 419.5°C;
<br />oxidrxed YaOr is wh+tc; at. no. 30, m.p d
<br />' Hater. , pt. wL. 65.381 ]ts ores were ~I'a
<br />Colorless sohdtons' °~,), valence 2_ recognized as
<br />G. Zink), Zo' 20 (ore +t was iL by heating
<br />b'p'~king brass ~ r chv+btarKKrnf, what o°b ce1 arc sphalerrle1e).
<br />tap gate metal m 1746 - The princip lamsne (silica
<br />p wM1h ehnrcoaL . carhonnLe) and with carbon ur a
<br />calamine smghsonrle ( Lhe clcn,-
<br />of hcaUng the roLOLSdn°r, e.~
<br />bknde (sulfide), vtenL by L ordi-
<br />cthod rep{need wh+te rectal, bulge a
<br />The old ill used, bemK 6fuish- °C a fate conductor of
<br />retort to 'rocess. Zme rs a with evoluWOn of
<br />UolyLic P but mnllcL ~ Fhtr~~heal crows alloy`
<br />tcmpcrntures to form hum is coating
<br />eery it burns m art at is used Calvamying
<br />electricity, of the oxilr' db coP4C° corrost°°;l h~
<br />while clouds ~ brass w with zinc to Pr molten z'oc.
<br />with other metals, iron, and bra'
<br />clots, cspoeinVlY lies by d'PP'°g die casting nLi'
<br />other m . omct~m¢s aP sc of the meths { usul as the neg.
<br />contm6 rs s rLant u .. Ztac ComP`w'f
<br />u Lhe mos~imP°D quantc 1epf electric bnLLencs" orient
<br />larF .idc ~ an imp .
<br />making vat ut s YP the a bang rtres and ~
<br />) ro
<br />s °
<br />e m nn Ptic P h
<br />elecirod - amLa• tisc ab 1; Imu1 `
<br />idely uses P eve o rank
<br />ate w its com~n°uds h n century
<br />pigment; ~ NrarlY au+c compounds. wL. 95 22'.
<br />used rn medicync' pis"K or&uld or Zr, at. G.4 {211
<br />rc col )~ r
<br />the use oS unc in V P zan un• F ~~,11111°C{ sP'. g 1789: isul
<br />ZIrCUn1UrU 1857°l,c b:P' LLrrnn`hv ICIaPr°th in
<br />i neous r
<br />no, a0; m.p. S ar = diffused ru The clem~
<br />Disrnvrr`' idcly
<br />vnlenrr 4 1824, QnLhcr w r ZrSrO `' or amS
<br />b Lh,. sdirat "Dither base
<br />y Berzcliris in narurs'n SicmK Ling wiL1r s,
<br />zirconium nsrudly ds oxido hen
<br />,,l into rods, drnwn intr
<br />in the utanimn lNnily 1 D trtnuldundo Y alloys hnv
<br />PrePnred Inmi t he Dress'
<br />in6 h Um up.La1 con A nurnhi uhf lion
<br />in o bom 6t sur(avu, reduc
<br />abut' mode hY nluat and dcoxidizinl
<br />or burnished tO ircou'un'' The oxide t"
<br />made. 4erro- ~ is used Snr drsulfunz' nK +n lacq'
<br />electric (urnnre, ID' iY armlCtllnru5 a r' uPacificr,
<br />Zircon, Lhc silica 'ut frnints
<br />used in Ens mnatl'"'xbrnsivc.
<br />iasulaLors nnS as a
<br />387
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