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<br />other disturbances. Primary varieties used for seeding
<br />are blue grama, sideoats grama, and western wheat-
<br />grass. Acover crop of sorghum, millet, sudangrass, or
<br />small grain needs to be planted a year before the grass
<br />is to be seeded to establish wind protection for the new
<br />seeding. Contour furrowing or pitting are applicable to
<br />areas where rangeland is in poor and Lair condition.
<br />These soils are well suited to homesites and most
<br />urban uses. The main limitations are moderate shrink-
<br />swell potential and moderate permeability. Septic tank
<br />absorption fields need an additional leach line to over-
<br />come moderate permeability. Exposure of the substratum
<br />of the Harvey soil should be avoided. The highly calcare-
<br />ous material would make the establishment and mainte-
<br />nance of lawns and gardens difficult.
<br />This complex is in capability subclasses IVe, dryland,
<br />and Ille, irrigated.
<br />22-KIm-Stoneham-lzrlmer loams, 3 to 12 percent
<br />slopes. This complex consists of deep, well drained
<br />soils that are gently to strongly sloping. These soils are
<br />on hillsides and ridges, generally adjacent to drain-
<br />ageways. The Kim and Stoneham soils formed in calcar-
<br />eous, loamy material. The Larimer soil formed in mixed
<br />matedal, which overlies sand and gravel. Slopes are
<br />complex and typically are less than 500 feet in length.
<br />The average annual precipitation ranges from 12 to 16
<br />inches.
<br />This complex is about 35 percent the Kim soil, about
<br />30 percent the Stoneham soil, and about 25 percent the
<br />Larimer soil. The Kim soil is on hillsides and ridges.
<br />Stoneham soil is in the smoother areas, and the Larimer
<br />soil is on hillsides, where sand and gravel lie near the
<br />surface.
<br />Included with this complex in mapping are small areas
<br />of Vona, Haverson, and Pultney soils. Vona soils are
<br />around the rims of knolls. They have moderately rapid
<br />permeability. Haverson soils are in drainageways that are
<br />flooded during heavy rains, and Pultney soils are on
<br />hillsides. The Pultney soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to
<br />shale.
<br />Typically, the Kim soil has a surface layer of brown
<br />loam about 4 inches thick. The underlying layer, to a
<br />depth of 60 inches or more, is yellowish brown loam
<br />grading to light yellowish brown sandy clay loam and
<br />sandy Loam. The soil is calcareous throughout.
<br />The Kim soil has moderate permeability. The available
<br />water capacity is high. The effective rooting depth is
<br />about 60 inches. Under native vegetation, the average
<br />annual wetting depth of the soil is about 12 inches.
<br />Surface runoff is rapid, and the erosion hazard is very
<br />high. The hazard of soil blowing is high.
<br />Typically, the Stoneham soil has a surtace layer of
<br />brown loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to
<br />a depth of 13 inches. It is brown clay loam grading to
<br />pale brown clay loam. The substratum, to a depth of 60
<br />inches or more, is pale brown, light yellowish brown, and
<br />SOIL SURVEY
<br />very pale brown loam. The soil is calcareous below a
<br />depth of about B inches.
<br />The Stoneham soil has moderate permeability. The
<br />available water capacity is high. The effective rooting
<br />depth is about 60 inches. Under native vegetation, the
<br />average annual wetting depth of the soil is about 14
<br />inches. Surtace runoff is rapid, and the erosion hazard is
<br />high. The soil blowing hazard is high.
<br />Typically, the Larimer soil has a layer of grayish brown
<br />loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a
<br />depth of 8 inches. It is dark yellowish brown loam grad-
<br />ing to yellowish brown loam. The substratum, to a depth
<br />of 28 inches, is pale brown sandy clay loam. Below this,
<br />to a depth of 60 inches or more, is brownish yellow very
<br />gravelly loamy sand. The soil is calcareous below a
<br />depth of about 9 inches.
<br />The Larimer soil has moderate permeability above the
<br />gravel and very rapid permeability within the gravel. The
<br />available water capacity is moderate. The effective root-
<br />ing depth is about 60 inches. Under native vegetation,
<br />the average annual wetting depth of the soil is about 12
<br />inches. Surtace runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion
<br />and soil blowing are high.
<br />These soils are well suited to rangeland.
<br />The native vegetation is mainly blue grama and west-
<br />ern wheatgrass, which make up nearly two-thirds of the
<br />vegetative cover. These hvo grasses combine with west-
<br />ern wheatgrass and sideoats grama. These soils cannot
<br />support a high density of plants because of the limited
<br />rainfall. Usable forage tends to be reduced. Ideally,
<br />plants grow in clumps, but clumps are spaced close
<br />enough to prevent soil blowing. Western wheatgrass and
<br />sideoats grama decrease under mismanagement.
<br />Threeawn, sand dropseed, pricklypear, snakeweed, and
<br />ring muhly increase with deterioration of the rangeland
<br />condition.
<br />Proper grazing is the foremost need in rangeland man-
<br />agement. Fifty percent, by weight, of the forage is left
<br />standing to protect the soil from blowing, to increase the
<br />infiltration of water, and to catch and hold snow. Range
<br />seeding speeds the revegetation of areas depleted by
<br />heavy grazing, cultivation, or other disturbances. Primary
<br />vadeties used for seeding are blue grama, sideoats
<br />grama, and western wheatgrass. A cover crop of sor-
<br />ghum, millet, sudangrass, or small grain needs to be
<br />planted a year before the grass is to be seeded to
<br />establish protection from the wind for the new seeding.
<br />Contour furrowing or pitting is applicable in areas where
<br />rangeland is in poor and fair condition.
<br />These soils are not suited to dryfarming because of
<br />high hazards of erosion and soil blowing.
<br />These soils have fair suitability to homesites and most
<br />urban uses. The main limitations are slope, moderate
<br />shrink-swell potential, and moderate permeability. Septic
<br />tank absorption fields need to have additional leach lines
<br />to.overcome the moderate permeability of the Kim and
<br />Stoneham soils. Sloughing of excavation banks is a con-
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