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N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E S S E R I E S <br />Biology and Management of theToadflaxes no. 3.114 <br />by K.G. Beck' <br /> Yellow toadflax <br /> (Linaria vulgaris) and the <br /> <br />QUICK FBCtS Dalmatian toadflaxes (Linaria <br />... dalmatica and Linaria <br /> genistifolia) are invasive, <br /> <br />Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) perennial weeds that are <br /> <br />noxious in Colorado and many <br />a <br />and the Dalmatian toadflaxes other westem states. Toadflax `~ <br />(Linaria dalmatica and Linaria invasion is favored by <br />genistifolia} are invasive, disturbance and they invade <br />perennial weeds that are degraded areas such as <br />noxious in Colorado and other roadsides, abandoned lots and <br />western states. fields, gravel pits, clearings, '' <br /> and overgrazed rangeland. In ~ <br />Seeds of yellow toadflax Colorado, these weed species <br />germinate and emerge in early aze found at elevations from ~= <br />to mid-May while Dalmatian 5,000 feet to over 10,000 feet. _ ~ '" ~<: <br />~ <br />~ <br />toadflax seeds may germinate Yellow toadflax in particulaz " <br />and emerge earlier, especially has spread into high mountain > ..-~, <br />on south or southeast facing valleys and parks. Yellow <br />Slopes. toadflax infests 40,800 acres Figure 1. YELLOW TOADFLAX, butter-and-eggs, <br /> in Colorado and Dalmatian wild snapdragon (Linaria vulgaris MiII.). Noxious. <br /> toadflax Infests 34,200 acres. Figwort family. This introduced creeping perennial <br />Dalmatian toadflax may be is an escaped ornamental that reproduces by seed <br />controlled with Tordon 22K at 2 <br />Origin and History and extensive horizontal roots. Stems are smooth, <br />pUA sprayed at flowering or in <br />erect, leafy, often in clumps, and 1 to 2 1/2 feet <br /> <br />fall The toadflaxes have a tall. Numerous pale green leaves are alternate, <br />. storied past and a long narrow, pointed at both ends, and 2 1/2 or more <br /> relationship with humans. inches long. Flowers resemble those of cultivated <br /> Dalmatian toadflax is native to snapdragon; each has a spur extending below <br /> <br />the Mediterranean region from the lower lip of the corolla. They are about 1 <br /> . inch long, bright yellow with a bearded, orange <br /> Broad-leaved Dalmatian throat and occur in terminal, somewhat elongated <br />as <br />~0 <br />~ toadflax (L. dalmatica) has <br />been cultivated as an clusters with the youngest flowers at the tip. The <br />fruit is a brown, globe-shaped, two-celled capsule, <br />~' ornamental for a[ leas[ 400 1/4 inch in diameter containing many seeds. <br />1 <br />' years. It was introduced into Seeds are small, round, rough, flattened, with a <br />.~ <br />® papery, notched circular wing, dark brown, and <br />U111VeTSlty the westem U.S. as an about 1/12 inch in diameter. It is a persistent, <br /> ornamental in 1874. The aggressive invader in Colorado from 6,000 to <br /> majority of Dalmatian 8,500 feet mostly on the Western Slope. <br />®coiorado state university toadflax infestations in the <br />cooperative Extension. osrzoot. west are broad-leaved Dalmatian toadflax; however in its native Eurasian habitat, <br />www.ext.colostate.edu narrow-leav d Dalmatian toadfla x (L. genistifolia) is more widespread, indicating <br />