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11 <br />Integrated Weed Management <br />No single treatment provides effective long-term control of the whitetop spe- <br />cies. Managing these noxious weeds requires an integrated strategy. The first line <br />of defense is to prevent introductions of these weeds. Systematic surveys, early <br />detection and implementation of an eradication program on small infestations is <br />the second step. Once the weed becomes established, integrating various combi- <br />nations of competitive plantings, crop rotations, sheep grazing, herbicides and <br />possibly fertilizers can reduce whitetop to manageable levels. A key component <br />of any integrated weed management program is sustained effort, constant evalu- <br />ation and the adoption of improved strategies. <br />REFERENCES <br />Corns, W. G. and C. Frankton. 1952. Hoary tresses in Canada with particular <br />reference to their distribution and control in Alberta. Sci. Agric. 32:484-495. <br />Kiemnec, G. and L. Larson. 1990. Germination of whitetop (Cardaria draba L.) and <br />diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) as influenced by osmotic and salt <br />stress. Northwest Sci. 64:107. <br />McInnis, M.L., L.L. Larson and R.F, Mi11er.1990. First year defoliation effects on <br />whitetop. Northwest Sci. 64:107. <br />McInnis, M.L., L.L. Larson and R.F. Miller. 1993. Nutrient composition of <br />whitetop. J. Range Manage. 46:227-231. <br />Miller, T.W. and R.H. Callihan. 1991. Hoary cress and related whitetops. PNW <br />Ext. Pub. 359:1-4. <br />Mulligan, G.A. and J.N. Findlay. 1973. The biology of Canadian weeds. 3. Cardar- <br />iadraba, C. Chalepensis and C. Pubescens. Can. J. Plant Sci. 54:149-160. <br />Selleck, G.W. 1964. An ecological study of lens and globe podded hoary tresses in <br />Saskatchewan. Weeds 12:1-5. <br />Whitson, T.D., A. Mooney and M. Griswold. 1989. Control of hoary cress (Cardar- <br />iadraba) with various herbicides. Res. Prog. Report, West. Soc. Weed Sci, p. <br />39-41. <br />