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of many areas and causing the use of higher elevations as <br />• refuge areas (Benedict 1975a). An expansion of the sage- <br />brush steppe and recession of the forest probably occurred <br />at this time (Lishka 1976), and vegetational communities <br />moved upward due to increased temperature and decreased <br />precipitation. <br />Since the Altithermal, there have been three small <br />glaciations (Millington 1977). Cooler summers and in- <br />creased snowfall can be postulated during these stages, <br />but as severe a change as occurred during Pinedale times <br />cannot be postulated. The Likely effect was a slight <br />Lowering of vegetational communities and increased runoff <br />during the spring. <br />• <br />• <br />5 <br />