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3? <br />. never eaten raw because of the. tannin present in the uncooked nuts. The tannin was leached from <br />the acorns by grinding the nuts to a meal or flour, and then leaching the tannin by flushing the meal <br />with water. The leaching "feature" was usually a broad shallow basin built of sand on the ground. <br />Acorn meal or flour was spread shallowly in the basin, sometimes over a bed of branches or leaves, <br />and then often covered with other small twigs orgrass or leaves. Water was then poured on the meal <br />or flour. The covering leaves and branches prevented the water from disturbing the meal, and the <br />water drained a+vay into the substrate of which the basin was built. Heated water accelerated the <br />leaching process, but ii usually had to be repeated several limas to completely remove the tannin. <br />Once the tannin was removed, the meal was dried and could, Iike pinon nut flour or meal, be <br />introduced into other foods, cooked as a soup, or as a bread. Sometimes a dough would be made and <br />wrapped in leaves, then roasted by burying in hot coals. Storage of acorn nuts, prior to leaching, <br />used many of the methods mentioned above for pinon nuts. <br />Hunter-Gatherer Settlement and Subsistence Model <br />Binford'smode] ofhunter-gatherer settlement and subsistence (1980) describes how people <br />place themselves on the landscape with respect to the resources they exploit. Though a dichotomy, <br />it is clear that any one particular group ~viil practice a mix of strategies, perhaps weighted one way <br />or the other, and that this mix may change with respect to season or shifting environmental <br />conditions, or be different for different target resources. <br />• This model compares and contrasts "foragers" and "collectors." In very brief tetras, foragers <br />move to the resources, and collectors go get the resources and return them to a central base of <br />operations. The Forager strategy is advantageous in areas wheredifferentresourcesbecomeavailabie <br />at different times and in different locations, thus populations cycle spatially through their <br />environanent, encountering each resource patch at its point of greatest potential return. The forager <br />strategy also works well in environments where resources are fairly homogeneously distributed, and <br />movement through the environment occurs when the resources of one area are exhausted and the <br />group moves to a new, "fresh" area. Foragers are generalists; the entire group focuses on a particular <br />resource of suite of resources while in an area, and then moves to a new resource patch. Collection <br />of a resource is usually limited to the amount needed for immediate use or consumption. <br />Collectors, in contrast, remain in one location but send specialized "task groups" to resource <br />patches to collect a large quantity of the resource and return it to the central location for use ur <br />consumption by the entire group. The collector strategy works best in environments where critical <br />resources are widely dispersed and may become most abundant or productive at the same time, thus <br />necessitating a situation where a forager would need to be in several places at once. Other <br />restrictions on mobility may also foster this strategy. Collectors are specialists, or "logistically <br />organized." Portions of the group have skills and talents with respect to certain resources, and they <br />form specialized task groups that go to the resource and collect enough of it to supply the entire <br />group for some time. The collector's base camp is usually at a central location, ctosest to the most <br />critical and least transportable resources (often water), and it typically moves less frequently. <br />. Transport and storage are key attributes of collectors. <br />