PERMFILE119931

• Permit No: C1996084
• IBM Index Class Name: Permit File
• Doc Date: 8/2/2001
• Section_Exhibit Name: Exhibit 05 Cultural Resources Report 3
• Media Type: D
• Archive: No

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• record at this point. If this assumption turns out to be correct, this will be one of the first places
where the systematic exploitation of these particular resources has been documented in the region.
In addition to the general research program described by MclCibbin et al. (1997:Chapter 3), a more
tailored research design is appropriate for evaluating and treating the cultural resources of the
landscape. The first priority will be to establish whether pinon nuts and acorns were the focus of
activity. This will be pursued through palynological and macrobotanical analyses of artifacts and
features. Second, archaeological expectations for evidence ofprocurement, processing, storage and
use of pinon nuts and atoms can be generated from the ethnographic record. This provides some
guidance for interpretation of sites, features and artifacts that have been and will continue to be
discovered as investigations proceed. Finally, broader artifact and feature analyses and inter- and
intrasite comparisons can be used to help place this particular activity within a larger framework of
hunter-gatherer settlement and subsistence, using Binford's forager-collector model (1980) and
through comparison with other regional studies.
Table 4 Summary statistics for artifact class occurrence
Artifact counts:
chipped stone ground
debitage tools stone
number of sites 105 105 l05
minimum 0 0 0
maximum 3100 42 56
average 94.3 4.9 5.5
median l6 3 3
Artifact class ratios:
debitage:
ground stone debitage:chipped
stone tools ground stone:
chipped stone tools
number of sites" 84 97 81
minimum .I2 .25 .12
maximum 775.00 516.67 8.00
average 27.4 18.23 1.44
median 5.25 6.00 1.00
• sites are included only if they have artifacts from both artifact classes in the ratio
Pinon Nut and Acorn Procurement and Processine
The ethnographic record for the Great Basin and California is rife with reference to the use
of pinon nuts (and other pine nuts) and atoms for subsistence (see numerous accounts in Thomas
[1986], D'Azevedo (1986], and [Heizer 1978]). Ethnographic information for non-Puebloan
. populations in the local region is somewhat limited, though several Apache bands' ethnographies
are published (Ortiz 1983). Agave appears to have been the staple vegetable resource for the
Apache, though most bands also procured pinon nuts and acorns (Basso 1983; Opler 1983a, 19836;