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PAONIA AREA, COLORADO ~5-Torrlorthents-Rock outcrop, sandstone, com- plex. This broadly defined map unit consists of moder- ately steep to very steep soils and Rock outcrop on mountainsides and foot slopes. Torriorthents make up about 60 percent of the map unit, and sandstone rock outcrops make up about 30 percent (fig. 7). Slopes are 20 to 70 percent. Torriorthents most commonly occur in the less sloping areas and are lower on the foot slopes than the rock outcrops. The sandstone rock outcrops generally are steeper than the Torriorthents. Rock escarpments com- monly occur on the upper part of the slopes. Included with this complex in mapping are small areas of Kech and Progresso soils and Fluvents, flooded. Torriorthents are well drained. Depth to bedrock ranges from 10 to more than 60 inches. The deeper Torriorthents are near the bottom of the slope. The sur- face layer is generally loamy and is very stony, because rocks weathered from escarpments are carried downs- lope by gravity. The underlying layers are sandy loam or loam and have a high content of rock fragments. Stones that are many feet in diameter are common. Permeability of Torriorthents is moderate to rapid, and available water capacity is moderate to low. Depth to bedrock limits rooting depth, but tree roots commonly penetrate fractures in the rock. Surface runoff is rapid. Surtace stoniness helps to prevent water erosion. Mass ling is common in areas of this map unit. he Rock outcrop part of this complex consists of more than 90 percent exposed bedrock, principally sand- stone. It provides cover for wildlife and is used mainly for wildlife habitat and recreation. The soils in this complex have only limited value for grazing and are used mainly for wildlife habitat and rec- reation. Vegetative cover is needed to control runoff and erosion. This map unit provides cover and escape for wildlife. Deer commonly feed on the sunny slopes during winter. Because of surface stoniness and slope, the soils in this complex are unsuited to crops and seedbed prepa- ration and drilling of seed for pasture plantings on de- pleted native range or in cleared areas are generally not practical. A limited degree of success can be expected by broadcasting seed late in summer or early in fall. Siberian wheatgrass, western wheatgrass, Indian rice- grass, and crested wheatgrass are adapted species. Good pasture management must be practiced to protect the soil from erosion and to provide grazing for livestock. If this map unit is used for urban development, the main soil limitations are slope and stoniness. These limi- tations can be overcome by the use of proper design and construction methods. This complex is in capability subclass Vlls, nonirtigat- ed. 76-Torrlorthents-Rock outcrop, shale, complex. broadly defined map unit consists of moderately ep to very steep soils and Rock outcrop on uplands, 59 pediments, and side slopes of mesas. Torriorthents make up about 55 percent of the map unit, and shale rock outcrops make up about 35 percent. Torriorthents are less sloping than the rock outcrops and are near the base of the slope. The rock outcrops are steeper than Torriorthents. Slopes are 15 to 70 percent. Included with this unit in mapping are small areas of Badland and of Mesa, Agua Fria, and Utaline soils. Torriorthents are well drained. Depth to shale bedrock ranges from 10 to more than 60 inches. The deeper areas are near the base of the slope. The surface layer is silty clay loam or silty clay. The underlying layers are silty clay loam to silty clay. On side slopes of mesas and on pediments, cobbles and stones that have been carr- ried downslope by gravity are on the surface. Permeability of Torriorthents is slow or very slow. Available water capacity depends upon soil depth and is higher where the soils are deeper. Rooting depth ranges from 10 to more than 60 inches. Surtace runoff is rapid to very rapid, and the hazard of erosion is high. Erosion is active most of the time on the steeper slopes, and the mass movement of soil material is common. Areas of this complex produce a large amount of sediment. The Rock outcrop part of this complex consists of more than 90 percent exposed bedrock, mainly shale. It provides cover for wildlife and is used mainly for wildlife habitat and recreation. The soils in this complex have limited value for grazing and are used mainly for wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetative cover is needed to control runoff and erosion. This map unit provides cover for wildlife. Deer commonly feed on the sunny slopes during winter. Because of instability and steep slopes, the soils in this map unit are unsuited to farming. Seedbed prepara- tion and drilling of seed far pasture plantings are not practical. A limited degree of success can be expected by broadcasting seed late in summer and early in fall. Western wheatgrass, crested wheatgrass, and alkali sa- caton are adapted species. Good pasture management must be practiced to protect the soil from erosion. Areas of this map unit produce a large amount of sediment. If this map unit is used for urban development, a detailed onsite investigation is needed to determine soil characteristics and limitations. This complex is in capability subclass Vllle. 77-Uftens sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. This is a deep, well drained soil. It formed in alkaline alluvium and is on fans and terraces. Elevation ranges from 4,600 to 5,500 feet. Average annual precipitation is about 9 inches, average annual air temperature is about 49 de- grees F, and the average frost-tree season is about 140 days. Typically the Surtace layer is light gray sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is very strongly alka- line, pinkish gray sandy clay loam about 11 inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 60 inches, is strongly alkaline, pinkish gray sandy loam.