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Moyo and Asso~lales, LC <br />• TABLE OF CONTENTS <br />1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ .... 1 <br />2.0 PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................... .... 6 <br />2.1 Purpose of Investigation ........................................................................................... .....6 <br />2.2 Methods of Investigation .......................................................................................... .....6 <br />2.2.1 Maps and Reports ............................................................................................. .....7 <br />2.2.2 Compilation of Historic Water Quality, Piezometric, and Stream Flow Da[a.. .....7 <br />2.2.3 Collection and Analysis of Additional Solute and Isotopic Da[a ..................... .....7 <br />2.2.4 Data analysis ..................................................................................................... .....8 <br />3.0 PRECIPITATION, PHYSIOGRAPHIC, AND GEOLOGIC SETTING ..................... .... 9 <br />3.1 Precipitation .............................................................................................................. .....9 <br />3.2 Physiography ............................................................................................................. .....9 <br />3.3 Geology ..................................................................................................................... ...11 <br />3.3.1 Stratigraphy ....................................................................................................... ...13 <br />3.3.2 Stntcture ............................................................................................................ ...21 <br />4.0 SOLUTE AND ISOTOPE CHEMISTRY .................................................................... .. 23 <br />4.1 Explanation of Chemical Reporting Units and Terris .............................................. ...23 <br />4.2 Chemical Evolution of Groundwaters ...................................................................... ...24 <br />4.2.1 Chemical Reactions .......................................................................................... ...24 <br />4.2.2 Groundwater Solute Compositions ................................................................... ...26 <br />4.2.2.1 Streams .......................................................................................................... ...41 <br />• 4.2.2.2 Springs from Quaternary Sediments and Landslide Deposits ...................... ...41 <br />4.2.2.3 Groundwater in Mesaverde Group Bedrock ................................................. ...42 <br />4.2.2.4 Discussion ..................................................................................................... ...43 <br />4.3 Groundwater Ages ('H and'°C) ................................................................................ ...44 <br />4.4 'H and S'~0 ................................................................................................................ ...51 <br />4.4.1 Isotopic Compositions ...................................................................................... ...52 <br />4.4.2 Discussion .......................................................................................................... ..54 <br />5.0 SPRING DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................ . 56 <br />5.1 Alluvial Springs ........................................................................................................ ...58 <br />5.2 Mantle Cover Springs ................................................................................................ ..63 <br />5.3 Landslide Deposits ..................................................................................................... ..64 <br />5.4 Barren Member Springs ............................................................................................. ..65 <br />5.5 Upper and Lower Coal Members of the Mesaverde Formation ................................ ..66 <br />5.6 Discussion .................................................................................................................. ..67 <br />6.0 WELL HYDROGRAPHS ............................................................................................. . 69 <br />7.0 IN-MINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGES ............................................................. . 75 <br />7.1 Minor Groundwater Inflows ...................................................................................... ..75 <br />7.2 Fault-Related Groundwater Inflows ........................................................................... ..77 <br />8.0 CONCEPTUAL GROUNDWATER FLOW MODEL ................................................. . 85 <br />9.0 CONCLLISIONS ............................................................................................................ .8R <br />10.0 REFERENCES CITED .................................................................................................. . 90 <br />• <br />Characterization of Groundwater Systems in the Vicinity of the West Elk Mine, Somerset, Colorado <br />29 January 1999 <br />