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Mayo and Assoela-es, LC <br />• The stable isotopic composition of a sample is reported as the per mil (%o) difference of the <br />sample relative to the isotopic composition of a standard using the delta (S) notation defined <br />as: <br />(Rsample - Rsrandard ) <br />cS= .x'1000 (%o) <br />( R,m~dare ) <br />Where R = 180 /'~O, 'H/'H, "C/"C, and14S/"S. The S notation is reported in terms of the <br />heavy isotope in the ratio R (i.e., S"C for "C/'=C). <br />A summary of the application of isotopic methods to hydrogeologic investigations is <br />included as Appendix B. Readers who are not familiar with the use of isotopes in <br />hydrogeologic investigations are encouraged to read Appendix B prior to proceeding with the <br />• remainder of this report. <br />4.2 Chemical Evolution of Groundwaters <br />4.2.1 Chemical Reactions <br />Solute compositions of groundwaters are the result of interactions between groundwaters and <br />atmospheric and soil gases and behveen groundwaters and bedrock lithologies. The general <br />reactions responsible for the chemical evolution of groundwater in the vicinity of the lease <br />area and inside the coal mine are described below. <br /> <br />Characterization ofGroundwater Systems in the Vicinity of the West Elk Mine, Somerset, Colorado <br />29 January 1999 <br />Page 24 <br />