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Cases and solutions Tahle 1 m 1122 3424 16885 17295 17296 1 7297 Different terminology on the collapse features used by different 0 -- -- researchers _ _ _ _ 20 R h d - -- - - zsearc ers term use - _ Dlonroe (1970) subsidence, and solution subsidence Bates and Jackson subsidence, solution subsidence, and 40 (1980) solution collapse ~~ - Whiie and others land subsidence ~ \ ~ (1936) 60 '- ~' Daoxian (1933) sinkhole Drilling mutl loss Ford and Williams collapse doline (Fig. 6c) during drilling j (1939) gp ~ Kellzr (1992) subsidence -__ ~ ~ j' ~ K'ilson and Beck subsidence sinkhole, cover collapse, and - - ` --{ (199?) cover subsidence 100 - -- 120 =_= schist formed in older units and lacustrine limestones, --- conglomerates, and sandstones represent the pervious 140 =_ units of the area. The youngest units are travertine and _- Drilling mud loss dunng drinmg alluvium which form the aquifer units in the area. The 160 -__ -- (possible cavern porosity) plain was formed due to the activity of normal faults in __= o ~ Or anicsoil \~ the study area, and it is controlled by these faults (Fig. 780 -_= g o ~ Sand -• I )~ -- w J Clayey sand ~ Travertin e According to well log of 1122, travertine has been pene- __= a ~' Clayey, sandy gravel H ~ Conglom erate [rated as two strata. This travertine is directly related to 200 ___ ~ ~ Clay o ! J Sandston e solution-subsidences in Lake Dipsiz and its surroundings g ~ Sandygravel ¢ ~ Mad ~ 0 Silty, sandy clay ~ Limeston e • Pumping well ~- Road -- Topographyc contour ^ Residential area Fig. 4 Distribution of water points in the study area 338 ~ Environmental Geology 36 (3-41 December 1998 ~ ~ Springer-Verlag Fig. 5 R'ell logs of pumping (Figs. ?, 4, and S). The well log has not been penetrated in other wells in the study area. Unconsolidated soils were of varied width in well 1122; conglomerate, sand- stone, marl, and lacustrine limestones followed by uncon- solidated soils (Fig. 6). These units have shown mud loss during drilling. The majority of the subsidence area and collapse forma- tions occur within the unconsolidated soils where solu-'.-. [ion-subsidence develops owing to underlying karst solti-;-. [ions in travertine. Some of these occurrences are asso- `:.. dated with karstiftcation in deeply buried lacustrine li- ix mestone and marbles and with hydrodynamic conditions.. of groundwater. The Akkaya Dam, Lake Dipsiz, Lake Ha,_' man, and many other solution-subsidence features and.u~. the hydrogeological agents playing role in shoping the.l environment (Figs. 1, 2, and 4). In order to explain the karstiftcation properties of the ?~~. travertine, the chemical composition of a sample col-'k,;a~t Jetted from the margin of the Lake Dipsiz was analyzed-.:•: The major oxides are as follows, CaO=55.31%, -'- ~.. D4g0=0.24%, AIZOa=0.12%, SiO,= 0.50%, ~' ~`~ FeaOs=0.18%, SOa=0.06°,ro, Na,O=0.03%, COz=43.6096.%, The amount of calculated CaCOs in the analyzed sample„'' is 98.91%, which well explains [he restricted karstifca'{"k [ion. The result of sieve analysis of unconsolidated soi~s;° shows that they are composed of 57°fo clay-silt and 43%;y_ sand. The sample was taken 150 m west of the Lake DiP-~: siz at a depth of 50 cm (Fig. 6). The average values of ~~, 5 c s V. ar.