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tiff/Intervenors is whether or not the reservation reserving mineral rights, minerals, metals and metalliferous substances of every kind includes sand and gravel. The other area of dispute, as between Plaintiff/Intervenors and Defendant, is whether or not the black sand constitutes minerals or is included in the words "minerals, metals and metalliferous substances of every kind," and, if so, whether or not there is any economic value related to the black sand. Defendant claims that it is not economically feasible to mine black sand in and of itself except in conjunc- tion with a sand and gravel operation. Defendant/Intervenors, Sutherland Bros., Inc., are the lessees pursuant to a sand and gravel lease of February I, 1994 with the Defendant as lessor. This lease allows Defendant/- Intervenors [o conduct a sand and gravel operation upon [he subject property which is involved in this litigation. Part of this litigation includes claims of trespass, conversion and theft against the Defendant Silver Hawk, who in turn has made some defense to the effect that those particular claims, if occurring at all, are being committed by the Defendant/Intervenors pursuant to the lease. The Defendant/Intervenors, if prohibited from continuing with their sand and gravel operation, have asserted a claim against Defendant Silver Hawk for breach of contract. The Court also heard testimony from two witnesses who were allowed to testify as experts in the area of placer mining and the evaluation and interpretation of mineral assays, Ron Pene and Wayne Irwin. Each of these witnesses testified as [o their testing and evaluation of certain samples of black sand and black sand concentrate which was furnished to them by Marion Shaw. Each described their testing process which involved various techniques. Both experts testified as to several years experience in the area of mining, extraction, sampling and assaying, however there is no licensing requirement for mineral assayers in the State of Colorado. Further, both experts relied upon samples given to them by Marion Shaw who testified how he obtained the black sand samples from the gravel pit on the subject property. Pene described the sampling process with Marion Shaw and taking samples from the site over a two-month period of time, approxi- mately 15 samples of 500 pounds each taken from various locations in and around the gravel pit. This material was finally reduced to a concentrated sample of one pound allegedly representative of the 500-pound sample, resulting in a dory bar sent to [he assayer Chris Christopherson. Pene then expressed an opinion that based upon the assay report it would be economical]> feasible using present technology to mine these black sand deposits. On cross-examination, Pene acknowledged that a trench- ing sample, that is, a vertical cut through the whole wall Crom surface to bottom, would have been a better representative 8