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1. Where groundwater monitoring is deemed appropriate, it is recommended that a <br />representative suite of indicator elements be developed from site specific CF:D leach tests <br />and ambient groundwater conditions. Because clay compositions differ from site to site, <br />a single set of parameters would not be appropriate. <br />2. Monitoring parameters should ideally consist of elements or compounds than. consistently <br />report above detection limits in groundwater samples and that consistently rt:port above <br />regulated limits in CKD leach tests. <br />3. Where sewer sludge, compost, or other organic materials or amendments mt~y come into <br />contact with the CKD, or where reducing conditions can be expected to result, Mn might <br />be used as a ronitoring parameter. Mn is a typical component of limestone attd can be <br />mobilized under reducing conditions. Use of Mn for monitoring might be given extra <br />consideration [o account for current uncertainty by EPA about the actuat health-based <br />toxicity of manganese. Where Mn (or other regulated parameter) excursion; might raise <br />local alarms without leading to health-based protections, its selection as a monitoring <br />parameter should be weighed. <br />4. Even though high alkalinity is a feature of "fresh" CKD weathering, it is not <br />recommended that pH alone be used as a monitoring parameter where pollution from <br />high pH might be anticipated. Because pH is a logarithmic representation of hydrogen <br />ion activity, a unit shift in pH represents a 10-fold increase (or decrease) in li+ activity. <br />For instance, a pH 8 solution contains 1000 times greater hydrogen ion activity than a pH <br />11 solution; thus, unless the pH 11 solution comprises an extremely high percentage of a <br />pH 8 and pH 1 1 solution mixture, pollution by the high pH solution would be masked and <br />not detectable. A 50:50 mixture could not be detected. <br />5. Until the degree of variability on the dust source is well established, periodic leach <br />testing of the CKD should be conducted. The technical revision for the Holnam <br />Boettcher Plant, for instance, requires TCLP testing on CKD samples semi-omnually. <br />REFERENCES <br />Merritt, F.S., Standazd Handbook for Civil En¢ineers. Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. <br />ASTM D 5050-96, "Standard Guide for the Commercial Use of Lime Kiln Dusts and Portland <br />Cement Kiin Dusts: ' <br />Adelaide Brighton Cement, Birkenhead Division, "CKD Product Information" <br />EPA Federal Register Document, August 1999, "Standards for the Management of CKD." <br />Uni versity of Illinois, Materials Science and Engineering, "Concrete Scientific Principles." <br />cc: Mike Long <br />Jim Pendleton <br />m:~nin~hhpklcd disposal 4.dac <br />