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INTRODUCTION <br />the ore or concentrate being shipped. Analytical work was <br />performed by independent local assayers in cases where the sampling <br />plant did not have its own laboratory. <br />waste. The waste products of these facilities were as <br />varied as the processes involved. The samplers, and the <br />laboratories they supported, which analyzed only small amounts of <br />materials in the first place, produced little waste although what <br />they did produce was usually in the form of dissolved metal <br />compounds, concentrated metal precipitates, and leached ore-bearing <br />rock. Waste from the concentrators consisted principally of <br />country rock, with or without low-grade mineralization, and gangue <br />minerals, in Aspen specifically barite, dolomite and calcite. <br />Smelters produced atmospheric waste usually in the form of sulfur <br />dioxide and solid waste in the form of "slag," depending on the <br />original ore usually a silica or carbonate material containing a <br />variety of unwanted or unrecoverable metals, the most common being <br />iron (relatively rare in Aspen). Chemical processing facilities <br />such as the Holden Lixiviation Works produced complex waste <br />materials from sulfur dioxide as a result of roasting to water- <br />soluble metal compounds and silica-carbonate slags. <br />Initially, development rock, country rock or gangue, as it <br />is variously called, was brought to the surface through tunnels or <br />shafts and deposited on the dumps. In later years, where possible, <br />it was deposited in old workings underground, as close to its <br />excavation site as possible. Ore was likewise brought to the <br />surface via ore trains in the tunnels or hoisted up shafts for <br />conveyance to ore bins on the railroads for direct shipment to <br />smelters, or in the case of lower-grade ores, to the various <br />concentrators in the city. For a number of years some Aspen ores, <br />particularly those from mines controlled by Jerome B. Wheeler's <br />Aspen Smelting & Refining Co., were reduced to metal at Wheeler's <br />North Texas Smelter or the Holden Lixiviation Works, both located <br />on Castle Creek at the west end of town. Most ores, including <br />almost all of those produced from the mines of Smuggler mountain, <br />were shipped by rail to smelters in Leadville, Denver and <br />elsewhere. <br />Bruce A. Collins - xxx - SMUGGLER BIBLIOGRAPHY <br />