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predominately among older cow elk and was higher during the 1983-84 winter than the previous 2 winters. Band returns from conventionally collared or ear tagged elk were received from 6 cows and 6 bulls during the 1983 hunting season (Table 4). Overall band returns from conventionally collared and/or eartagged cow elk during the first 4 years of the study indicate a harvest rate of approximately 6~ (assuming most bands are returned and an average of 20X annual mortality). Productivity During the July 1984 helicopter survey, 297 cows and 150 calves were classified on or adjacent to the 3 surface coal mines (CYCC, Pittsburg Midway, Seneca) for a ratio of 100:51. 307 cows and 146 calves were classified on 3 comparable control areas (Middle Creek, Quarry Mountain, Thorpe Mountain) for a ratio of 100:48. 246 cows and 93 calves were classified an the Little Flat Tops and Dunckley Flat Tops for a ratio of 100:38. There have been no significant differences in cow/calf ratios between elk using active surface mine areas and control elk in similar habitats for the past 3 years. However, those elk which migrate up higher into Little Flat Tops and Dunckley Flat Taps have had lower cow/calf ratios in 2 of the 3 years of study (1982, 1984). Calving Home Range Size and Fidelity Calving home range size and fidelity showed differences between different groups of elk. Use of median values provides an indication of the typical pattern, although variations between individuals can be substantial. Mean home range size for 1984 between May 15 and June 30 was 2.78 mil with a median of 1.05 mil (Table 5). The above is very close to the overall mean and median of 2.66 mil and 1.01 mil, respectively, for all four years of the study (Table 6). For general calving home ranges (May 15 - June 30) mean size was not significantly different between years, ranging from 3.48 mil in 1982 to 1.85 mil in 1983 (Table 6). For refined calving home ranges (May 25 to June 15) mean 5