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<br />CKD HANDLING <br />From these tests, it is evident that CKD chemistry is affected by weathering. "Fresh" CKD bag- <br />house dust is very reactive if placed directly in water. However, "fresh" CKD placed in thin <br />layers on the ground where precipitation can reach will typically harden and cure to become a <br />layer of pulverulent material similar to plaster or whitewash and consisting lamely of calcium <br />carbonate Qimestone). If a CKD disposal plan calls for spreading in thin layers within a disposal <br />cell, [he CKD should be wetted to prevent fugitive dust emissions during spreading operations. <br />Disposal of CKD into water would not allow it to harden or cure. Disposal in water would <br />result in elevated pH and may facilitate leaching of metals. Disposal below the natural ground <br />water table should be viewed with circumspection. Disposal into quarry pits filled with surface <br />water should follow only after adequate evaluation of [he potential for teachate formation and <br />migration, and in connection with down gradient ground water monitoring. The fact that a <br />quarry pit fills with surface water is a good indication that the quarry is cut into low permeability <br />strata, and the leachate migration will be minimal. CKD disposal should not occur in a <br />floodplain unless i[ is demonstrated that [he flood would not wash CKD into the stream. <br />CKD DISPOSAL <br />Based on field examinations of the three CKD sites, leach test results, and surface and <br />groundwater analyses, the following general recommendations for CKD disposal are suggested. <br />These suggestions distinguish between "fresh" CKD and "weathered" CKD - "fresh" CKD <br />being that which is collected directly from a bad house, and "weathered" CKD being that which <br />has been in contact with the atmosphere, rain or snow for several weeks. <br />1. "Fresh" CKD should not be placed directly in ponded water. If conditions require such <br />disposal, or if such disposal occurs inadvertently, the Division should institute <br />groundwater monitoring. <br />2. "Fresh" CKD should never be placed, or allowed to be placed inadvertently, in open <br />flowing water or in areas, such as flood plains, where open flowing water may reach the <br />"fresh" CKD prior to a few weeks of curing. <br />3. "Fresh" CKD should be spread in thin layers (no more than a few feet thick) and <br />immediately watered. Watering will help control dust and will aid the transformation <br />from CKD to limestone. (Watering is effectively accomplished at the Holnam Portlanc: <br />Quarry in Florence where fresh CKD is covered with sewer sludge.) <br />4. Except where "weathered" CKD is to be subsequently covered and thereby disturbed. <br />"weathered" CKD should not be significantly disturbed so as to re-pulverize it. <br />GROUNDWATER iVIONITORING PARAMETERS <br />Groundwater monitoring generally seems unnecessary unless "fresh" CKD is to be exposed to <br />surface waters or unless "weathered" CKD is to be pulverized and exposed to groundwater. <br />However, the degree of "freshness" or "weathering" in CKD may be difficult to evaluate, and <br />universal monitoring at disposal sites might best be implemented. <br />7 <br />