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' least 12 inches in diameter and 15 feet in height. Lewis' woodpeckers feed on insects, including flies, beetle larvae, caterpillars, and ants. >n winter, acorns are important for art;; food. Northern Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) Three-toed woodpeckers can nit;; be found in woodland muskegs and open or dense stands of pine, spruce, and fir. Their r7., numbers will swell for 3 to 5 years in burned stands and then decline to pre-fire ,:; population levels. They nest in dead trees or dead limbs with decayed heartwood in live ~'~;c ~~~;; trees. Their annual diet consists primarily of spruce beetle. These woodpeckers aze heavily dependant upon snag habitat for nesting, foraging and roosting. Management of _= this species is tied to the maintenance of forest diseases and other mortality, such as fire, t;'` ,~ : that leads to infestations and heartrot. Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) This species prefers relatively open country with available lookout perches. Roadsides, savannahs, chapparral and deserts are ' common habitats. Prefers areas with low density crown cover. Shrub and lookout i~c: perches adjacent to feeding areas aze important to this species. Shrikes feed almost >,: exclusively on animal life. Lazge insects such as grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars and wasps dominate the diet. Small rodents and birds area also taken. Prey is impaled upon barbed wire or thorns prior to consumption. Western Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus). Not likely to be found on National Forest lands. Species is rare to 6,000 feet, accidental to 8,500 feet. Lowland riparian forests are preferred.. Mature closed-canopy riparian forests are also used. Northern Goshawk (Acciiyiter eentalis) Goshawks maybe found in any of the forested ecosystems on the Forest. The preferred cover habitat is in the mature and old-growth structural stages. They nest primarily in dense, old-growth conifers but may also use mixed conifer-aspen stands or aspen stands closely associated with conifers. The majority of known nest trees on the Forest aze in aspen trees. Often the goshawk nests in old growth forests with a high spazse canopy of old tall aspen trees. This species is intolerant during nesting and will often defend an azea up to 200 yards from the nest site. Nest sites maybe reused in successive years.. Boreal Owl (AeQOlius funereus) The boreal owl is associated with high-elevation coniferous forest, especially mature to old-growth spruce and fir. Throughout its range in the Rocky Mountain West, the boreal ow] has mainly been found in higher-elevation conifers, primarily spruce-fir, but also in lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir habitats immediately adjacent to the spruce-fir zone. In winter, they may move down in elevation and roost in protected forested areas. In Colorado, boreal owls inhabit late successional stands ofsub-alpine fir and Engleman spruce. Lodgepole pine, aspen and mixed conifer stands may also be used. The boreal owl is a secondary cavity nester, usually occupying a natural cavity or one excavated by a flicker. Nest cavities aze typically in snags with diameters greater than 10 inches. Red-backed voles and forest mice make up the bulk of the diet, but shrews, chipmunks, squirrels, birds and insects may also be taken. 6