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<br />' Contents <br /> P <br />e <br /> Abstract ................................... ........... <br />l <br /> Chemical Properties ......................... ........... 5 <br />' Mode of Action .............................. <br />Clinical Features ............................ ........... 7 <br />........... 8 <br /> Antidotes .................................. ........... 9 <br /> Sources and Uses ............................ ........... 11 <br /> Background Concentrations ................... ........... 14 <br /> Persistence in Water, Soil, and Air .............. ........... 18 <br />' Lethal and Subletha] Effects ..........::::.::: ::::::::::: 19 <br /> Terrestrial Flora and Invertebrates 1B <br /> Aquatic Organisms ....................... ........... 20 <br /> Birds .................................. ........... 29 <br /> Mammals .............................. ........... 32 <br /> Recommendations ........................... ........... 46 <br /> Acknowledgments ........................... ........... 50 <br /> References ................................. ........... 50 <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Tables <br />1 <br /> Number Pag6 <br />' 1 Some properties of potassium cyanide, hydrogen cyanide: <br />and sodium cyanide <br />5 <br /> 2 Background concentrations of cyanide in selected living <br /> <br />3 resources and in nonbiologica] materials ............. <br />Cyanide effects on selected species of aquatic 15 <br /> organisms ...................................... 21 <br />' 4 Cyanide effects on selected species of birds ........... 29 <br /> 5 Cyanide effects on selected species of mammals ........ 36 <br /> 6 Proposed free cyanide criteria for the protection of <br />' living resources and human health .................. 47 <br /> <br />1 <br />Y <br />iii <br />