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Weed Control Methods <br />Monitoring/Evaluatine/Reportine. Monitoring of weed populations is an integral part of <br />the weed control program. This work will consist of examining all parts of the permit area and <br />identifying areas where weed control is needed. This information will be used to develop an <br />annual weed control plan that will describe what needs to be done, where different types of <br />control will be implemented, when different control measures will be accomplished and how [he <br />program will be conducted. Decisions on the annual program (based on site reconnaissance) will <br />be made in late spring in order to make sure that weed control plans can be developed. <br />Additional site visits during the year may be necessary to evaluate the success of the control <br />measures and to prepare recommendations for any late season weed control that may be <br />necessary. <br />Afrer each year of treatment, the success of the various programs will be evaluated. This <br />process will consist of examining the treatment areas as well as keeping records of what <br />treatments were applied in each area. <br />Herbicide Application. A wide range of herbicides is available for control of weed <br />species. Herbicide application will be used primarily for perennial forb species like Canada <br />thistle, field bindweed, white [op and perennial peppergrass. All of these species spread by <br />underground stems (rhizomes) and aze difficult to control without the use of herbicides. Mowing <br />may reduce their viability during a growing season, however it is not an effective approach to <br />reducing their abundance. These species occur throughout the permit azea, but may be of greatest <br />concern on areas that will not be mined and on reclaimed azeas. Control on these sites will need <br />to focus on the use of herbicides. On areas that will be mined, mowing could be used as the <br />primary method of control, since the sites will be destroyed during the mining process. Herbicide <br />applications may also be used on stands of pernicious annual species like diffuse knapweed after <br />they have been mowed. <br />Tamarisk will be controlled by the use of the herbicides Arsenal and Habitat. Habitat <br />will be used in azeas where spray will come in contact with water; it is approved for use in and <br />around standing and flowing water. The spraying will occur before the end of September, as the <br />herbicides aze foliar applications and only effective while the plant has green leaves. Futtue <br />applications, if necessary, will occur during the late summer and/or early fall. <br />Russian Olive will be cut down, the freshly cut stump will be treated with Garlon or <br />similar herbicide. If areas of dense mature trees exist, the stand will be treated with a foliar <br />application of Arsenal as described for the treatment of tamarisk. <br />Mowine. Mowing can be an effective means for reducing populations of annual weed <br />species. Even when mowed, annual species can still produce flowers and seeds, however the <br />number of flowers is greatly reduced. The effectiveness of this approach can be enhanced by <br />mowing when the weeds are just beginning to flower. At this time, most of the overall plant <br />height has been attained and the impact of mowing can be maximized. Annual weed species do <br />best on sites with limited amounts of vegetation and open baze soil. These conditions exist on <br />newly reclaimed areas, on disturbed roadsides and in operations areas. Mowing will be <br />conducted using arotary/brush hog type mower. <br />Temporary Seedine. Temporary seeding will be used for topsoil stockpiles as means of <br />creating a stable vegetation cover composed of perennial species rather than allowing these sites <br />to develop populations of weedy species. The seed mix for areas of this type (areas that will be <br />left undisturbed for more than one growing season) will consist primarily of native species. For <br />stockpiles or sites that will be re-disturbed within six months, a cover crop, such as wintergraze, <br />