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3 § 1291(28)(A). Subsidence from underground mining results only from activities that take place below the surface of lands, not from activities conducted on the surface of lands. Therefore, logically subsidence from underground mining is not included in the definition of "surface coal mining operations." Consistent with the exclusion of subsidence from the definition of "surface coal mining operations," Congress specifically addressed the regulation of subsidence in section 516. Section 516 authorizes the Secretary toypromulgate regulations "directed toward the surface effects of underground coal mining operations." Section 516 is not. directed solely toward "surface coal mining operations," but specifically includes subsidence. 30 U.S.C. § 1266. Section 522(e), on the other harAd, protects certain Federal, public, and private lands by-prc~hibiting activities which are "surface coal mining operations." Since subsidence is not included in the definition of "s~,urface coal mining operations," and is specifically regulated ur~~der section 516 without regard to that definition, the authority t~:o address this important concern is expressly and exclusively contained in section 516. Moreover, as discussed below,. e' not required by the terms of th history, oSM would have ample a interpretation you are contempl were regarded as silent. or ambi could interpret SMCRA as regula Wand not under section 522(e). n if the above conclusions were statute and the legislative hority to adopt the ing. That is, even if SMCRA ous on this issue~'OSM:clearly ng subsidence under section 516 evron. U.S.A., supra. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act is a complex and delicately balanced piece of legislation that was developed over a number of years. Its development involved negotiation of . compromises to address a series~of highly controversial and difficult issues. Some of the 2iard-fought issues were resolved in relatively general terms, wii:h the specific details left to the implementing agency, the Ofi`ice of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. ~ . Tit1e~V of. the Act is the portion that sets forth the basic regulatory requirements for coa:L mining operations for which permits are required under the i1ct. Title V includes. provisions which establish requlatory.scheines for surface coal~~mining, underground coal mining,. and-protection of larids unsuitable for surface coal mining operations. This opinion discusses one of the ways in which these regulati~ry schemes interrelate. Analysis of the structure of Ti'_le V and the Act as a whole confirms that Congress set out =elated but separate regulatory