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All of these species are adapted to disturbed conditions such as those that occur on mining sites or agricultural lands. All of these species were introduced into the region at various times beginning in the late 1800's and have expanded into a variety of habitats. At the North Delta Pit, the primary species of concern are Russian Knapweed, Whitetop, Russian Olive, and Tamarisk. Weed Control Methods Monitoring/Evaluating/Reporting Monitoring of weed populations is an integral part of the weed control program. This work will consist of examining all parts of the permit area and identifying areas where weed control is needed. This information will be used to develop an annual weed control plan that will describe what needs to be done, where different types of control will be implemented, when different control measures will be accomplished and how the program will be conducted. Decisions on the annual program (based on site reconnaissance) will be made in the late spring in order to make sure that weed control plans can be developed. Additional site visits during the year may be necessary to evaluate the success of the control measures and to prepare recommendations for any late season weed control that may be necessary. Afler each yeaz of treatment, the success of the various programs will be evaluated. This process will consist of examining the treatment areas as well as detailed documentation and mapping of the treatments used, the locations in which they were applied, success rate, and other pertinent details. Herbicide Application A wide range of herbicides is available for control of weed species. Herbicide application will be used primarily for perennial forb species like Canada Thistle, Field Bindweed, Whitetop, and Perennial Peppergrass as well. All of these species spread by underground stems (rhizomes) and aze difficult to control without the use of herbicides. Mowing may reduce their viability during a growing season; however, it is not an effective approach for reducing their abundance. These species occur throughout the permit area, but may be of greatest concern in azeas that are reclaimed or will not be mined. Control in these azeas will need to focus on the use of herbicides. Herbicide application will also be used for annual forb species like Russian Knapweed. See Table 2 for a detailed description of the treatment method. Russian Olive and Tamarisk are located throughout the property and aze especially abundant along water banks and low lying areas. The Russian Olive will be controlled through the use of Garlon and Pathfinder, and the Tamarisk will be controlled through the use of Arsenal and Habitat. It should be noted that Habitat will be applied in areas where spray will come in contact with water. This herbicide is approved for use in and azound standing and flowing water. Tamarisk treatment will be completed between the months of June to September, as the herbicides require foliar applications and aze therefore only effective while the plant is still green. Future applications, if necessary, will occur during the late summer and/or early fall. See Table 3 for a detailed description of the treatment method.