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e <br />ESPEY, HUSTON & ASSOCIATES, INC. <br />• <br />A.D. 1200. This culture represents the region's sole eaception to the Archaic <br />migratory, hunter-gatherer pattern of subsistence, which coexisted with the <br />Fremont culture and persisted to historic times. Innovations manifested in the <br />generalized Fremont cultural pattern included the cultivation of domestic crops <br />(maize, beans and squash), supplemented by hunting and gathering activities, <br />permanent villages composed of pit houses and dry laid masonry granaries, ceramics <br />and a distinctive style of rock art (Creaseman et al., 1977). The differential distri- <br />bution of evidence for these traits in the Colorado Plateau, Great Basin and the <br />Uinta Basin implies that the term "Fremont" may actually encompass regional <br />variants and consequently designate no precise cultural entity (Madsen, 1979). For <br />the sake of continuity, the ambiguous term will be used here to indicate the <br />presence of evidence for at least one of the above-mentioned chazacteristics. <br />Jennings (1974) has observed that there is little or no evidence of horticulture in the <br />Piceance Basin. He suggests that the eastern boundary of Fremont horticulture <br />• coincides with the Cathedral Bluffs, located to the west of the basin. Two of 147 <br />sites recorded during his survey of the Piceance Basin were identified as Fremont <br />(Jennings, 1974). It is unlikely that much, if any, evidence of Fremont horticulture <br />will be recovered in the region east of Douglas Creek and the Cathedral Bluffs, due <br />to high elevation and relatively low precipitation. As illustrated by Jennings data <br />(1974), Fremont hunting sites aze more likely to occur in this region. <br />The nomadic Ute cultures, predominant in northwestern Colorado during <br />protohistoric sad historic periods, most likely succeeded the Fremont. Evidence of <br />early Ute occupation of the Piceance Basin consists of several wickiup sites <br />(Jennings, 1974). The Duck Creek Wickiup Village, the lazgest recorded village of <br />its type in Colorado sad listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is also <br />located within the basin (Federal Register Feb. 10, 1976: 5927). Other evidence of <br />Ute utilization of the region includes numerous pieces of rock azt panels depicting <br />horses sad other items of Euro-American origin (Wheeler, 1979; Anderson and <br />Henss, 1979)• The presence of transportable Euro-American aztifacts in Ute sites <br />implies later manifestations of the culture. By 1776, when the Dominguez- <br />r 1 <br />U <br />E-11 <br />