Laserfiche WebLink
• 3.22 Phosphorous <br />Phosphorous levels range from <0.2 to 38.3 ppm in overburden and from<0.2 <br />to 6.4 ppm in underburden. Concentrations are generally between 0.2 and 10 <br />ppm. Plant growth is increased dramatically if phosphorous is added to the <br />soil when concentrations are less than 10 ppm. Thus, vegetation on spoil <br />would respond favorably to an addition of phosphate fertilizer. <br />3.23 Chromium <br />Concentrations of chromium are consistently below the 0.5 ppm detection <br />limit. No reclamation problems are anticipated from chromium. <br />3.24 Barium <br />Barium levels range from <I.0 to 4.9 ppm in the overburden and from<I.0 to <br />31.0 ppm in the underburden. Concentrations are predominantly< I.0 ppm. <br />High barium levels are associated with coal strata, carbonaceous shale <br />layers, and organic matter in the topsoil. No reclamation problems are <br />anticipated from barium since toxicity only occurs in extreme conditions <br />where soil concentrations are very high (i.e. 10,000 ppm fatal barium). <br />3.25 Arsenic <br />Mean total arsenic concentrations in soil vary from 5 to 50 ppm (CSMRI, <br />1977). Arsenic often combines with sulfur and oxygen to form arsenates. <br />Arsenates are fixed by soils and therefore tend to accumulate. At Seneca, <br />arsenic concentrations range from <0.01 to 1.37 ppm in the overburden and <br />from <0.01 to 1.61 ppm in the underburden. The higher concentrations are <br />often associated with shale strata. The least tolerant plants to arsenic <br />toxicity include alfalfa and barley. Plant injury occurs at concentrations of <br />2 ppm water soluble arsenic. Since concentrations at Seneca are below this <br />level, no reclamation problems are anticipated. <br />3.26 Fluoride <br />Fluoride levels range from<0.3 to 12.2 ppm in the overburden and from<0.3 <br />to 4.3 ppm in the underburden. Concentrations generally range from 0.4 to <br />• 2.0 ppm. Since plants normally contain 2 to 20 ppm fluoride and total soil <br />fluoride contents average 100 to 300 ppm, no undesirable effects are antici- <br />pated during reclamation. <br />;C'~ 2 3 :96I <br />6-I50 <br />