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• concentrations are associated with shale layers immediately above or below <br />coal scrota. The lowest copper concentrations are associated with the coal ~ <br />strata. Copper is more likely to be deficient than excessive in soils. The <br />copper content of soils usually ranges from between 10 and 40 ppm. No <br />copper toxicity is anticipated from the Seneca spoil. <br />3.15 Iron <br />Iron toxicities under natural conditions have not been documented even when <br />the total iron concentration exceeds 5 percent (CSMRI, 1977). Often, range- <br />land soil deficiencies occur at iron levels less than 2 ppm. At Seneca, iron <br />levels range from 4.6 to 479.0 ppm in the overburden and 3.8 to 901.1 ppm in <br />the underburden. The lowest levels of iron occur in the coal strata. Gen- <br />erally, iron levels range between 30 and 200 ppm. This level of plant avail- <br />able iron will supply plants with an abundant supply of iron and will cause no <br />toxicity or imbalance problems. <br />• 3.16 Lead <br />Lead concentrations range from <I.0 to 24.5 ppm in the overburden and from <br /><I.0 to 20.4 ppm in the underburden. Lead levels are lowest in the sandstone <br />and coal strata. The highest concentrations of lead occur in shale zones <br />immediately above or below coal strata. Generally, lead concentrations <br />range from<I.0 to 3.5 ppm. These levels are well below toxicity levels. No <br />reclamation problems are anticipated. <br />3.17 Manganese <br />Manganese is an essential component of plant and animal tissues and plays an <br />important role in enzyme reactions. Manganese is one of the least toxic <br />micronutrients and trace elements (CSMRI, 1977). In prairie soils, extract- <br />able manganese averages 50 ppm. This level is considered adequate and <br />nonrestrictive to plant growth. Manganese toxicity does occur in very acid <br />soils. This toxicity is corrected by liming the soil which lowers the solubility <br />of manganese. At Seneca, manganese levels range from <I.0 to 103.7 ppm in <br />the overburden and from <I.0 to 29.3 ppm in the underburden. Manganese <br />• levels are often highest at the overburden surface. Generally, concentra- <br />tions range between 5 and 20 ppm. No reclamation problems are antici- <br />paced. <br />LLOV Z S 1981 <br />6-148 <br />