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• <br />u <br />I• <br />Manganese and Iron. Manganese with the aid of iron (Tiedemann and Lopez,1982), are catalysts <br />in the synthesis or production of chlorophyll. Manganese and iron deficiencies are of major <br />concern in reclamation situations where soils are calcareous or have an alkali pH (lime-induced <br />chlorosis). Iron deficiencies are also induced by high concentrations of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni in acidic <br />soils. Manganese toxicity is more common than manganese deficiency. Manganese toxicities <br />have been documented in poorly-drained soils and extremely acid soils with pli levels below 5.0. <br />Liming the soil causes a towering in the solubility of manganese and presumably brings the iron <br />and manganese into better balance in relation to plant requirements. Documented cases of iron <br />toxicity are rare and appear to be limited to flooded soils (Barth et a1.,1981). Extremely high levels <br />of iron often are not toxic but cause imbalances or interfere with the uptake of other essential <br />nutrients. <br />Total Sulfur, NP, and ABP. The sulfur content of overburden and interburden is determined to <br />predict the acid -producing potential of this material. In conjunction with potential acidity, the <br />neutralization potential from alkaline carbonates, exchangeable bases, and weatherable silicates <br />is measured. Sulfur fractionation (i.e., pyritic, sulfate, and organic) analyses are generally <br />performed when potential acidity exceeds the neutralization potential and/or when the total sulfur <br />content is greater than 0.5 percent. Amore accurate determination of potential acidity is obtained <br />when only pyritic sulfur values are utilized (Sobek et al., 1987) After the potential acidity and the <br />neutralization potential are determined, an acid base balance is determined by subtracting the <br />potential acidity from the neutralization potential. An acid-base potential (ABP) balance indicates <br />whether acid or base producing elements are in the sample and to what degree (Smith et al., <br />1974). This balance reveals whether the material will become acidic or basic after being blasted, <br />spoiled, and weathered. A positive ABP indicates the spoiled material will have an increase in pH <br />when basic elements (carbonates) become soluble during the induced weathering process. A <br />negative ABP indicates the spoiled material will have a decrease in pH when acid producing <br />components (pyrites and carbonic acid) become soluble during the induced weathering process. <br />Copper. Copper is important in root metabolism, ammonium and protein utilization, <br />oxidation-reduction reactions, and enryme activation (USDA, 1957). Copper deficiencies are <br />generally not a problem (Traynor, 1980). Naturally occurring excesses of extractable copper have <br />not been reported in the soil literature (Munshower, 1983). <br />REVISED Auguat Zoos 2.04.6-22 <br />