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/[CIpLS ]tl pecials-Connections, appliances, and adjuncts designed to be used in connection scith pipes. Ser pipe fittings. pecies-A subdivision uF a ¢enus, having members differing from other members of the same gelLUS in milLUr details. pecific absorption-The capacity of water-bearing material to absorb water after gravity water has been removed. It is equal to the specific yield ref the material, except in cases when such material salters compac- tion from the burden of uyerlyin¢ material when gruundsvater h:s been remueed From iL in which case allowance must he made &rr the effect nF such compaction. ecifications-Precise standards of performance ur construction appropri- ate For construction work, materials, and manufactured products, which make ossible the expression of expected value when they are purchased ur c~cted fur and which provide means of determining their conform- ange Ith expectations after they are purchased or constructed. 7ecific capacity of a well-The rate of yield of a vvrll per unit dravvdosvn. The usual units of measurelLLent are gallons per minute per foot and liters per minute per meter. 7ecific discharge-The discharge per unit area. It is often used to define flood magnitudes. 7ecific energy-The energy contained in a stream of svatur, expressed in terms of head, referred to the bed of the stream. It is equal to the mean depth u(water plus the velucit.~ head nF the mean velocity. ecific gravity-The ratio of the mass of a body to the mass of an equal volume of seater. 7ecific heat-The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise the temper- ature of agiven svei¢ht of a given substance L° F to that required to raise the temperature of the same weight of water from 63 ° to 63° F. 7ecifi~7nidity-The ratio of the mass uF.eater vapor to the total mass of the mixture of air and water vapor. 7ecific level-The level of the water surface in a river at any particular site fur a given discharge. The specific level may change with time, depend- ing un chances in over section at the site. recific retention-The quantih of yvater rrtaineJ against the pull of gray ib: by rock or earth after bring saturated and allowed to drain com- pleteh to a remote body of mobile seater by ss a> uF continuous capillan' interstices. Specific retention is sometimes erroneously considered synnn- ymous ss ith field capacity ut soils. It is a broader term than Yield capacity. being applied to all types nF earth or ruck. Its use is to determine the solume of water drained b} the luscerin¢ of the mater table osera rela- tivel} IUng period of time as a result of pumpin¢ operations or seasonal fluctuation. It is expressed as the ratirr uF the volume of water that rock ur earth material will retain against graoih to its axon volume. 717 SwLlwpr raWE specific speed-,q speed or velocity of revolution, expressed in reyolutirrns per minute, at which the rrrnner uFa given h pe of turbine svnuld operate iF it were so reduced in size anJ proportion that it would develop one ILUrsepovver under cone-tout head. The quantity is used in determining the proper type and character of turbine to install at a hydroelectric power plant under given conditions. specific well yield-The maximum rate at ss'hich a well swill yield water under a stipulated set of conditions such as a given drasvdoss•n, pump and mrrtor, or engine size. It may be expressed in terms of gallons per minute, cu bic feet per second, or similar units. specific year flood-The Flow of a stream that is equaled or exceeded, on the average, once in a designated period, for example, 10 yr, .i0 yr, 1 W vr. See flood frequency. . specific yield-The quantity of water that a unit volume of permeable rock or soil, after being saturated, will yield when drained by gravity. It may be expressed as a ratio or as a percentage by volume. ' spectrograph-Instrument For photographing or producing a representation of a spectrum. spectrophotometry-Quantitative measurement with a photometer of the quantity of light of any specific suave length absorbed by a colored solu- tion or emitted by a sample excited by a Flame, arc, or spark. spectroscopy-The science that deals with the use oF';he sce_~;-^scuce artd svfth spectrum analysis. The practical side of the study of spectra. inc~ud- ing the excitation of the spectrum, its visual or photographic obser•:ation, and the precise determination of wavelengths. speed coefficient-The ratio of the linear velocity of the runner periphery of a water wheel to the spouting velocity of the water under a prescribed head. Sphaerotifus bulking-,~ type of sludge bulking that occurs when a genus of filamentous bacteria, Sphaeroeiltrs, is present in large numbers. See sludge bulking. spigot-The end of a pipe, fittin¢, or valve, that is inserted into the bell end. spilhvay,A u'atenvay in or about a dam ur other hydraulic structure. li>r the escape of excess vy ater. spillway channel-An artificial watencay provided For conducting an av from the structure the water overfloys•ing from a resenrir. aqueduct. or canal by way of an overflow device provided for the purpose Also called r7verflusv channel. spillway chute-,jn open conduit conducting the yvater, usually at super- critical velocih', fmm the reservoir to the watencay downstream from the dam. Also called spillway trough.