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The flow parameters are then recalculated and printed as <br />• ~ above. The final design flows included with this <br />application are the values printed under "NEW FLOW" in the <br />lower portion of each "OPFLOW" calculation. A complete <br />printout of the program is included for inspection of the <br />formulas and its general operation. <br />The program "WATER PIPES" was used to calculate full flowing <br />pipes which cannot be calculated as open channel flows. <br />This program also uses the Manning Formula for pipe <br />roughness and head losses. It gives a more direct <br />calculation of the flow though it is not as accurate as the <br />Darcy-Weisbach .Formula. The input parameters call for <br />shape, size, roughness factors (Manning's Number), water <br />• ~ head, and other required information to calculate the <br />friction factors for various pipe elements. Entrance, pipe <br />length, constriction, elbow, discharge, and miscellaneous <br />friction factors are calculated. The flow for the available <br />head is then calculated using Bernoulli's Equation and the <br />flow parameters are then printed. New water heads may then <br />be input into the program to design required flows. There <br />were no culverts requiring this calculation as all c~_~lvarts <br />are designed to flow open. <br />• 25 <br />t <br />