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la SOIL SURVEY Efficient use of irrigation ~er and fertility main- tenance aze the main concerns of management in ir- rigated areas. Irrigation methods auitable are furrows or borders, depending on the crop. Land leveling and good irrigation water management are needed for uniform ap- plication and efficient use of water. Short irrigation runs and more frequent irrigations are needed on this soil because of the depth to the underlying sand and gravel and the sandy loam surface layer. Incorporating crop residues reduces soil blowing and improves soil filth. Ap- plications of manure and commercial fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus are important to maintain fertili- ty. Rangeland vegetation consists mainly of sand bluestem, little bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, indiangrass, prairie cordgrass, western wheatgrass and sedge. Key forage grasses need to be maintained by proper grazing use and planned grazing systems that include deferment during the growing season at well-timed intervals. These soils can be seeded to rangeland species or adapted in- troduced grasses such as tall wheatgrass. Fencing and livestock water developments are effective in obtaining more uniform distribution of grazing. Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally well suited to this soil. The high water table and abun- dant competing vegetation aze the principal concerns in establishing tree and shrub plantings. Special care con- sisting of summer fallow, continued cultivation for weed control, and selection of water tolerant plants is needed to insure establishment and survival of plantings. Trees best suited and having good survival are plains cottonwood, golden willow, Colorado blue spruce, Rocky Mountain ju- niper and eastern redcedar. Shrubs best suited are Amer- ican plum, purple willow, common chokecherry and redosi- er dogwood. This is an important soil For wildlife because of its in- tensive use for cropland and its position in relation to the bottomlands of the South Platte River. Its primary value for wildlife species lies in the food it produces, that wil- dlife utilize while using the riverbottom areas for cover. W~dlife utilizing this soil include mule and white-tailed deer, bobwhite, ducks, geese, and miscellaneous nongame species. Wildlife habitat can be provided and improved on this soil by tree and shrub plantings, planting grasses and legumes for undisturbed nesting cover, and providing wil- dlife travel lanes from riverbottom areas to cropland or feeding areas. Shallow water wetland areas can be developed with irrigation water. Where areas are used for homesites and other urban development, the primary limiting sod feature is a water table at 20 to 40 inches. Special sewage systems must be anticipated. Septic tank absorption fields will not function properly because of the high water table. If sewage lagoons are used they must have special designs to com- pensate for seepage. In homesite and urban development construction, compensating measures are needed to offset the high water table, Road designs are needed that will take into account the frost action of the soil. Capability subclass Iltw nonirrigated, IIIw irrigated. 3-Aida loo his is a deep, somewhat poorly drained so on ow erraces and bottomlands. It formed in cal- careous, stratified, loamy alluvium overlying mottled sand and gravel deposited by the South Platte River. The average annual precipitation ranges from 13 to 19 inches. Slopes are nearly level Included in this unit are small areas of Loveland loam, Aldo sandy loam and Westplain silty clay loam. The West- plain soil is in Swale and low lying areas. In leveled areas exposures of the underlying sand and gravel are common. Typically the surface layer is dark grayish brown loam about 10 inches thick. The underlying layer is stratified light brownish gray and light gray, calcareous loam and fine sandy loam. It is mottled in the lower part and is about 14 inches thick over mottled coarse sand and gravel that extends to 60 inches or more. Permeability is moderate. Effective rooting depth is GO inches or more. Available water capacity is moderate. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is slight. A fluctuating water table occurs between 20 and 40 inches during the winter and spring months. This soil is subject to occasional flooding during ]ate spring and early summer months. This soil is used mainly as imgated cropland. Small areas are used for grazing. Alfalfa, corn, sugar beets and small grains are the principal crops grown. Efficient use of irrigation water and fertility main- tenance are the main concerns of management in ir- rigated areas. Irrigation methods suitable are furrows or borders, depending on the crops. Land leveling and irriga- tion water management are needed for uniform applica- tion and efficient use of water. Short irrigation runs and frequent irrigations are needed on this soil because of the depth to underlying sand and grave]. Incorporating crop residues reduces soil loss and improves soil filth. Applica- tions of manure and commercial fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus are important to maintain fertili- ty. Rangeland vegetation consists mainly of sand bluestem, tittle bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, indiangrass, prairie cordgrass, western wheatgrass and sedge. Key forage grasses need to be maintained by proper grazing use and planned grazing use that includes deferment dur- ing the growing season at well-timed intervals. These soils can be seeded to rangeland species or adapted in- troduced grasses such as tall wheatgrass. Fencing and livestock water developments are effective in obtaining uniform distribution of grazing. Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally well suited to this soil. The high water table and abun- dant competing vegetation are the principal concerns in establishing tree and shrub plantings. Special care con- sisting of summer fallow, continued cultivation for weec! control, and selection of water tolerant plants is needed to insure establishment and survival of plantings. Trees best suited and having good survival are plains cottonwood, golden willow, Colorado blue spruce, Rocky Mountain ju- niper and eastern redcedar. Shrubs best suited are Amer-