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in-stream woody debris to fish has been realized, this treatment has declined in popularity whereas in- channel felling has increased in popularity. No eati- matea onrock cage dame effectiveness were found but it is known that they provide grade stability and reduce velocities to drop out coarse sediment. Debris basins are designed to store runoff and sediment and are often the last recourse to prevent downstream flooding and sedimentation. They are often designed to trap SO to 70 percent of the expected flows. No estimates of sediment trapping efficiencies for debris basins were found. Road Treatments-Road treatments are designed to move water to desired locations and prevent wash- out of roads. There is little quantitative research evaluating and comparing road treatment effective- ness. Arecent computer model, X-DRAIN, can provide sediment estimates for vari oua spacings of cross drains (Elliot and others 1998), and the computer model, WEPP-Road, provides sedimentation estimates for variousroad configurationsand mitigation treatments (Elliot and others 1999). Thus, effectiveness ofvarioua spacings of rolling dips, waterbara, cross drains, and culvert bypasses can be compared. By shortened flow paths and route water at specified crossings, erosion can be reduced. Upgrading culverts to larger sizes increases their flow capacity, which reduces the risk of blockage and exceeding capacity. Culvert armoring and adding risers allow sediment to settle out and prevent scouring. Trash racks prevent clogging of culverts or other structures which keeps the culverts opening as designed. Culvert removal, when appropri- ate, eliminates the threat of blockage. Storm patrol shows promise as a new coat effective method to keep culverts and drainage ditches clear, provide early warnings and close areas that could be threaten by a storm flows. Armoring ford crossings allows for low- coataccess across stream channels, with the ability to handle large flows. Ditch cleaning and armoring pro- vide for drainage of expected flows and reduce scour- ing. Outaloping prevents concentrated flow on road eurfaces thus reducing erosion. Detail discussion of road related treatment effectiveness is beyond the scope of this report. The recent USDA Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Program, Water/RuadInteractionTechnologieaSeriea(Copstead 1997) provides design standards, improvement teeh- niquea, and evaluations of some surface drainage treatments for reducing sedimentation. Gonclusions Relatively little monitoring of BAER treatments has been conducted in the last three decades. Pub- liahedliterature focused on seeding issues, with little information on any other treatments. Therefore, in- terview forms and monitoring reports were used to document our current knowledge on treatment op- tionsand their effectiveness. There were at least 321 BAER project tires during last three decades that cost the Forest Service around $110 million to reha- bilitate. Some level of monitoring occurred on about 33 percent of these project fires. Our analysis of the literature, Burned Area Report forma, interview com- ments, monitoring reports, and treatment effective- ness ratings leads us to the following conclusions: Existing effectiveness monitoring efforts and re- aearchare insufficient to accuratelyoompare treat- ment effectiveness and ecosystem recovery. Rehabilitation should be done only if the risk to life and property is high since the amount of protection provided is assumed to be small. In some watersheds, it would be beat not to do any treatments. If treatments are necessary then it is more effective to reduce erosion onaite (hfllslope treatment) rather than collected it downstream (channel treatment). Contour-felled logs show promise as a relatively effective treatment compared to other hillslope treatments. This is considered to be true for areas where erosion rates are expected to be high be- cause they provide protection during the firet- year postfirewhich has the highest erosion rates. In areas that do not have available trees, straw wattles may provide an alternative. however, the effectiveneseofcontour-felledlogsoratrawwattlea has not been adequately documented in the scien- tific literature. Seeding has a low probability of reducing erosion the first wet season after a fire. There is a need to do other treatments in critical areas. Seeding can provide reasonable cover late in first season and in the second year. Most estimates ofground cover occur at the end of the first growing season, thus cover information ie not appropriate for compari- son for first year storm events. There is a need to better understand regeneration potential of natural vegetation. Seeding treat- ment may not be needed as often as currently thought. Because seeding is often not "successful," it may have little impact on natural regeneration. Per- sistent perennials are least effective at providing first year cover and moat likely to interfere with later regeneration. Cereal grains (annuals) offer better first-year protection than perennials but generally do not interfere with later regeneration of natural vegetation. Little is known about the effectiveness of native annual grasses. Evaluating poatfire watershed conditions, treat- ment chance of success, coat-benefit ratios, and USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTRE3. 2000 53